Notes
1 The Life of St. Theodore of Sykeon, in Reading the Middle Ages: Sources from Europe, Byzantium, and
the Islamic World, ed. Barbara H. Rosenwein, 2nd ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2014), p.
- Return to text.
2 Quoted in Leslie Brubaker and John Haldon, Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era c. 680–850: A History
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), p. 61. Return to text.
3 The Synod of 754, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 67. Return to text.
4 John of Damascus, On Holy Images, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 65. Return to text.
5 See The Chronicle of Theophanes Confessor, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 69. Return to text.
6 Al-A‘sha, Bid Hurayra Farewell, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 71. Return to text.
7 Qur’an Sura 96, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 75. Return to text.
8 Qur’an Sura 1, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 74. Return to text.
9 The five pillars are: 1) the zakat, a tax to be used for charity; 2) Ramadan, a month of fasting to mark the
battle of Badr (see p. 52); 3) the hajj, an annual pilgrimage to Mecca to be made at least once in a
believer’s lifetime; and 4) the salat, formal worship at least three times a day (later increased to five),
including 5) the shahadah, or profession of faith: “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His
prophet.” Return to text.
10 The Treaty of Tudmir, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 76. Return to text.
11 John of Damascus, On Holy Images, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 65. Return to text.
12 Al-Akhtal, The Tribe Has Departed, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 78. Return to text.
13 The Passion of Leudegar, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 83. Return to text.
14 Bede, The Ecclesiastical History of the English People, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 94. Return to
text.
15 Ibid., p. 96. Return to text.
16 The Third Council of Toledo, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 50. Return to text.
17 Isidore of Seville, Etymologies, in Reading the Middle Ages, p. 81. Return to text.