A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Plate 3.5: Sacramentary of Saint-Germain-des-Prés (early 9th cent.). The scribe of this list of incipits (the
“first words”) of mass chants provided a musical reminder of one (seven lines from the bottom, on the left)
by adding neumes above the first words, “Exaudi Domine,” “Hear, O Lord.”