A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Abbreviations, Date Conventions, Websites

Abbreviations

c. circa. Used in dates to mean that they are approximate.

cent. century

d. date of death

emp. emperor

fl. flourished. This is given when even approximate birth and death dates are

unknown.

r. dates of reign

Date Conventions

All dates are CE/AD unless otherwise noted (the two systems are interchangeable).

The dates of popes are not preceded by r. because popes took their papal names

upon accession to office, and the dates after those names apply only to their

papacies.

The symbol / between dates indicates uncertainty: e.g. Boethius (475/480–524)

means that he was born at some time between 475 and 480.

Websites

http://www.utphistorymatters.com = The website for this book, which has

practice short-answer and discussion questions (with sample answers

provided), as well as maps, genealogies, and links to other medieval web

resources.

http://labyrinth.georgetown.edu = The Labyrinth: Resources for Medieval Studies

sponsored by Georgetown University.

http://www.roman-emperors.org = De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online

Encyclopedia of Roman Rulers and Their Families (to 1453).