A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

issued by communes, 164 , 286
Novel (934), 119
Ottoman, 288
Roman, 7 –8, 25 , 34 , 170 , 179 , 210
schools of, 158 , 179 , 220
Theodosian Code, 25 , 34
Viking, 129
Visigothic Code, 25
layman/laywoman/laity, 6 , 11 , 27 , 64 , 99 , 106 , 131 , 134 , 165 , 167 , 179 , 207 , 229 –33, 259 , 270 , 279 , 303 ,
322 , 324
definition of, 332
lay aristocrats, 27 , 61 , 73 , 133 –35, 174 , 278
lay religiosity, 261 –64
Lechfeld, battle of (955), 130 , 140 , 144
Legnano, battle of (1176), 211
Leo the Mathematician, 83
Leo III, Byzantine emp. (r.717–741), 45 , 48 , 74 –75, 92
Leo IV, Byzantine emp. (d.780), 80
Leo VI, Byzantine emp. (r.886–912), 80 –81, 84 , 130
Leo IX, pope (1049–1054), 166
León, 175 , 252
Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519)
Last Supper, 307 , 312 , 312 –13
Leovigild, Visigothic king (Spain) (r.569–586), 72
lepers/leprosy, 231 , 251 –52, 255 , 279
leprosaria, 251 –52. See also lepers/leprosy
Leudegar, bishop of Autun (r.c.662–c.677?), 64
Levant, 158 , 172 –74, 197 , 213 , 236. See also Crusader States; Holy Land; names of individual Crusader
States
definition of, 333
Lewes, battle of (1264), 254
liberal arts, 178 –79, 220
Libya, 41 , 123 , 125
Licinius, Roman emp., 6
Life of Charlemagne (Einhard), 97 –99
Lille, 278 , 292
Lincoln