Tower of, 295
lords/lordships, 59 , 61 , 103 , 127 , 130 –34, 163 , 171 –72, 202 , 204 , 213 –14, 216 , 219 –20, 233 , 236 –37, 250 ,
252 , 258 , 278 , 296. See also nobles/nobility; signore/signori/signoria
Lorenzetti, Pietro (c.1280/90–1348)
Birth of the Virgin, 261 , 261
Lothar, Carolingian emp. (r.840–855), 101 –2
Lotharingia, 141
Louis the German, Carolingian king (r.843–876), 101 –2, 109
Louis the Pious, Carolingian emp. (r.814–840), 99 , 101
Louis VI the Fat, king of France (r.1108–1137), 176 –78
Louis IX, Saint, king of France (r.1226–1270), 251 , 255 , 264 , 270
Low Countries. See Netherlands
Ludovico il Moro, duke of Milan (r.1494–1499), 307 , 314
Luther, Martin (1483–1546), 322
Lyon, 233
Carthusian Diurnal from (12th cent.), 184 , 188 , 189
Madeira, 323 –24
madrasas, 158 , 314. See also literature, Islamic
Maghreb, 125 , 158 , 197 , 245
definition of, 333
Magna Carta (Great Charter), 205 , 207 , 254 , 258
Magnus, Byzantine consul, 47
portrait of (panel from diptych), 47
Magnus the Good, Norwegian king (r.1035–1047), 139
Magyar language, 130
Magyars, 102 , 127 , 130 , 145 , 148. See also Hungarians
Mahaut d’Artois, 265
mahdi, 124
Mainz, 171 , 322
Majolus, abbot of Cluny (c.906–994), 130
Majorca, 245 , 323
Malik Shah I, sultan (d.1092), 157 –58
Mamluk Sultanate, 200
Mamluks, 200 , 242 –43
Ma’mun, al-, caliph (r.813–833), 89 , 91 –92 Man in a Red Turban (1433) (van Eyck), 320 , 321
manors (villae). See economy, Carolingian