A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Mansur, al-, caliph (r.754–775), 88
Mantua, 307 , 320
manuscripts, 83 , 103 , 105 , 126 , 184 , 305 , 322. See also illumination
papyrus (material), 83 , 89
parchment (material), 83 , 103 , 204 , 270
Manzikert, battle of (1071), 157
Marcel, Étienne, 299
marriage, 63 –64, 126 , 133 , 230 , 253 , 266 , 286 , 307
alliances, 140 , 159 , 292
Martin, Saint, bishop of Tours, 26 , 28 , 218
Martin V, pope, 302. See also Great Schism Mary of Oignies (1177–1213), 232
Mass. See liturgy
definition of, 333
Matilda of Tuscany, countess, 169
Maurice de Sully, bishop, 221
Maurice, Saint, 29
Maxentius, Roman emp., 6
Maximian, Roman emp. (r.286–305), 4
Maximianus, bishop of Ravenna (r.546–556/557), 46 –47
Maximilian of Habsburg, 295
mayor of the palace, 63 , 96. See also Charles Martel
Mecca, 50 –53
Medici, Cosimo de’ (1389–1464), 306 , 314
Medici family, 300 , 306 –7, 314
medicine
bloodletting, 228 –29
Galenic, 229
hospices/hospitals, 247
infirmaries (monastic), 181 , 189
schools of, 179 , 220
Medina, 52 –53, 56
Mediterranean Sea, 1 , 24 , 40 , 44 , 130 , 245 , 301 , 322
region, 29 , 43 , 53 , 60 , 64 , 89 , 247 , 279
trade, 26 –27, 61 , 89 , 161 , 245 , 288
Meerssen, Treaty of (870), 102
Mehmed II the Conqueror, sultan (r.1444–1446, 1451–1481), 288 , 314
portrait of, 315