A Short History of the Middle Ages Fourth Edition

Ravenna Cathedral Campanile (10th cent.) : Although the original cathedral at ravenna was built in late
antiquity, the present church dates from the eighteenth century. But the campanile, or bell tower, was built in
the late ninth or early tenth century, when ravenna—once the Byzantine capital in italy—still had a vibrant
economy. the tower is cylindrical, like many others built in the city. note how solid the wall is near the
ground, while further up it is perforated by windows. these openings culminate in the arches and colonnades
of the uppermost levels, making the tower seem to get lighter and even to soar. (image courtesy of riccardo
Cristiani.)