CHAPTER 3 THE MESOAMERICAN WORLD AT SPANISH CONTACT 131from them. The Mixtec codices make special reference to a ruler, 8 Deer “Tiger
Claw,” who seized the Tilantongo throne, conquered many towns and peoples in the
region, and established the important kingdom of Tututepec on the coast. He was
later killed by a lineage rival named 9 House. The sharing of a common royal lineage
and similar funerary rites (centered on past mummified rulers) provided the Mixtec
states with considerable cultural unity, a unity reinforced by extensive intermarriage
between the diverse ruling families. Despite such bonds, warfare between the Mix-
tec states was widespread.
In the Oaxaca Valley many of the Zapotec states recognized Zaachila as the most
revered and powerful of the allied city-states there. The Zaachila rulers collected
tributes from several polities in the valley, and in a few areas they established provinces
by appointing regional authorities to govern over the local peoples. As in the case of
Tilontongo in the Mixtec area, Zaachila’s prominance appears to have been limited
and was based more on cultural respect than military domination. Both the Zaachila
state and other Zapotec city-states were probably heirs to the historic Monte Albán
Zapotec political system, and as such they were characterized by an especially close
blending of politics and religion.
Archaeological evidence indicates that the highland Mixtec states were able to
dominate and perhaps peripheralize many of the Valley Zapotec peoples (see
Chapters 1 and 2). For example, members of the royal family from the Mixtec king-
dom of Yanhuitlan gained a measure of control over the Zaachila state through mar-
riage into its dynastic line, whereas other Zapotec city-states were conquered and
either ruled over or confederated with Mixtecs states from the mountainous high-
lands. Mixtec ceramics, metalwork, carvings, and painted figures have been found at
many sites in the Valley of Oaxaca, most notably at Monte Albán (Tomb 7) and Za-
achila. It is likely that relations between the highland Mixtecs and valley Zapotecs were
a complex mix of military threat and political confederation. The result was a creative
synthesis of the Mixtec and Zapotec cultures in this core zone.
The Oaxaca zone developed a network of relationships with states in the other
core zones of the Mesoamerican world-system. The Mixtec kings claimed descent
from the Toltec ruling line and maintained political ties with rulers of city-states in
Central Mexico who were making similar claims. The Aztec warriors conquered many
Mixtec and Zapotec states, organizing them into the tribute-paying provinces of
Coixtlahuaca and Coyolapan. The Aztecs set up a garrison at Guaxacac (from which
derives the name Oaxaca) in the Valley, intermarried with the ruling families of im-
portant Mixtec and Zapotec kingdoms, and made Nahuatl the lingua franca for the
zone’s ruling classes. Nevertheless, control over the zone by the Aztec empire was
weak, and rebellion against Aztec rule—carried out by the Mixtec and Zapotec city-
states, often in alliance with one another—was widespread at the time of Spanish
contact.
The Oaxaca core zone was famous for its artisans, who, working within the so-
called “international” Mesoamerican art tradition, produced some of the most ex-
quisite and widely distributed preciosities of the Mesoamerican world (see Figure
2.3). Various cities of the Central Mexico core zone had wards of resident Mixtec ar-
tisans, who not only manufactured crafts but also taught their skills to Aztec artisans.