The Legacy of Mesoamerica History and Culture of a Native American Civilization, 2nd Edition

298 UNIT 3 MODERN MESOAMERICA

Figure 8.1 Map showing the states of modern Mexico and Central America; also shown are places

mentioned in the text.

south (Figure 8.3). Venustiano Carranza and Alvaro Obregón led two other somewhat

more moderate forces. These various factions captured the government in 1914 but

then began fighting among themselves. The Carranza and Obregón factions formed

an alliance, and by integrating their armies in 1920 they finally achieved victory over

Villa and Zapata after years of bitter warfare (see the map in Figure 8.4 for places men-

tioned in connection with revolutionary actions in the region).

The conditions just mentioned that characterized twentieth-century revolutions

around the world were conducive to the revolutionary explosion in Mexico. The dri-

ving force of the revolution, particularly in its early stages, were the peasant Indians,

the majority of whom lined up behind Zapata. These peasants generally had been

forced off their lands and made to work for capitalist enterprises, especially sugar

plantations in the case of Zapata’s followers. The Villa forces tended to be more “pro-

letarianized” (engaged in wage labor), and many of them were not peasants at all but

cowhands, miners, and migrant farmworkers. Most of the revolutionary leaders them-

selves were middle-class, as in the case of Zapata and many captains of the Villa, Car-

ranza, and Obregón forces. Villa himself came from the lower class, but Carranza and

Obregón, whose movements were more reformist than revolutionary, had strong ties

to the landlord class.

It is clear, too, that the Mexican revolution was precipitated by the weakness of

the dependent Díaz regime and was further fomented by the clumsy attempts on

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