A History of Latin America

CONTENTS v

8 The Independence of Latin

America 158

Background of the Wars of
Independence 158
Creoles and Peninsular Spaniards 158 •
The Causes of Revolution 161

The Liberation of South America 162
Simón Bolívar, the Liberator 163 • The
Southern Liberation Movement and San
Martín 166 • The Achievement of Brazilian
Independence 169

Mexico’s Road to Independence 170

Latin American Independence:
A Reckoning 176

PART TWO

Latin America in the Nineteenth

Century 178

9 Decolonization and the

Search for National Identities,

1821–1870 193

The Fruits of Independence 193
Economic Stagnation 194 • Politics: The
Conservative and Liberal Programs 195

Mexico 196
The Mexican Economy 197 • Politics:
Liberals versus Conservatives 199 •
La Reforma, Civil War, and the French
Intervention 201 • Postwar Transformation
ofLa Reforma 204

Argentina 205
The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Upper Peru 205 • The Struggle for Progress
and National Unity 205 • The Paraguayan
War 209 • Progress and Development
Under Sarmiento 211

Chile 211

Portales and Economic Growth 212 •

Economic Expansion Under Bulnes 212 •

Montt’s Moderate Reforms 214 • Liberal

Control 215

United Provinces of Central America 216

Independence and the Failure of Union,

1810–1865 216

10 Race, Nation, and the Meaning

of Freedom, 1821–1888 219

Brazil 220

Dom Pedro, Emperor 221 • Regency,

Revolt, and a Boy Emperor 222 • The Game

of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery 224

The Antislavery Movement 225

Peru 228

Peruvian Politics and Economy 229

Pardo and the Civilianist Party 230

Cuba 231

Economic and Social Change: The Bitter

Harvest of King Sugar 231 • The Ten Years’

War 234

Gran Colombia 235

Páez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the

Federal War in Venezuela, 1830–1863 237 •

Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party

System in Colombia, 1830–1850 239

11 The Triumph of Neocolonialism

and the Liberal State,

1870–1900 243

The New Colonialism 244

Expansion of the Hacienda System 245 •

Foreign Control of Resources 246 • The

Politics of Acquisition 246

Mexican Politics and Economy 247

Dictatorship Under Díaz 247 • Concentration

of Landownership 249 • The Economic