Writing Academic English 4th Edition

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42 P.u-t 1 IWritingaParagraph

CitingSources..

IN-TEXTCITATION

ENTRYINWORKS-

CITEDLIST

Quotations

Direct

Ouotations

Citinga sourceisa two-stepprocess.

1.Inserta shortreferenceinparenthesesattheendofeachpieceofborrowed

information.Thisshortreferenceiscalledanin-textcitation.

2.Preparea listdescribingallyoursourcescompletely.Thislistis titled

"WorksCited"andappearsasthelastpageofyourpaper.

Hereisanexampleofanin-textcitationandofitscorrespondingentryina

works-citedlist.Noticethepositionandpunctuationofthecitation-attheendof

thelastsentenceoftheborrowedinformation,beforethefinalperiod.

AccordingtotheInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety,"Communitiesdon't

havetheresourcestoallowpolicetopatrolintersectionsasoftenaswouldbe

neededtoticketallmotoristswhorun redlights"("O&A").

Theabbreviation"Q&A"inparenthesesattheendofthissentenceisthefirstele-

mentofthetitleofanarticlefromwhichthewordsinquotationmarkswerecopied.

Therewasnoauthor.

Ifreaderswantmoreinformationaboutthissource,theycantumtotheworks-

citedlistattheendoftheessay,report,orpaperandfindthisentry:

"O&A:RedLightRunning."InsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafetyJune2003.

26 Feb. 2004 <http://www.hwysafety.org/safety-facts/quanda/rlc.htm>.

Thisentrytellsusthatthecompletetitleofthearticleis "Q&A:RedLightRunning."

ItwaspublishedonlineinJune 2003 bytheInsuranceInstituteforHighwaySafety.

Thedate 26 Feb. 2004 is thedatethewriterfoundthearticlewhileresearchingthe

topic.Theinformationinanglebrackets< >is theWebsiteaddress(URL)wherethe

articlecanbefound.

Morecompleteinformationonhowtowritein-textcitationsandworks-citedlists

is foundinAppendixE:ResearchandDocumentationofSources.

Quotationsfromreliableandknowledgeablesourcesaregoodsupportingdetails.

Therearetwokindsofquotations:directandindirect.Ina directquotation,youcopy

anotherperson'sexactwords(spokenorwritten)andenclosetheminquotation

marks.Inanindirectquotation,youreporttheperson'swordswithoutquotation

marks,butwitha reportingexpressionsuchasaccording toXYZ ...orXYZ

believesthat....

Readthefollowingmodelandnoticehowdirectquotationsareusedtosupport

thetopicsentence.Noticethata quotationcanbea completesentence(orseveral

sentences)ora shortphrase.Alsonoticethepunctuationofeachquotation.