Dance Anatomy & Kinesiology

The Upper Extremity 391

major appears to assist with extension (hyperextension) and adduction, even when resistance is not

present (Hamilton and Luttgens, 2002).

Palpation: Use the same movement as with the latissimus dorsi, only with the fingertips of your right

hand placed just lateral to the inferior angle of the scapula. You can feel the teres major contracting

under your right hand when you press down firmly with your left hand (shoulder extension).

Summary of Attachments and Actions

of the Muscles of the Shoulder Complex

A summary of the proximal and distal attachments of the muscles of the shoulder complex—the

scapular muscles, rotator cuff, and other glenohumeral muscles—is provided in table 7.2. Many of

these muscles and their attachments are shown in figures 7.17, A and B, and 7.18, A and B. From

these resources, deduce the line of pull and resultant possible actions of these muscles, and then

check for accuracy by referring to figures 7.17C and 7.18C for the larger muscles responsible for the

fundamental movements of the shoulder joint (e.g., “other glenohumeral muscles” category) and the

primary action(s) column in table 7.2 for the scapular muscles and rotator cuff muscles. Note that

figures 7.17 and 7.18 include the biceps brachii muscles and triceps brachii muscles to show their

relationship to the glenohumeral joint. However, they are discussed later in this chapter with the elbow,

and their attachments and actions are provided in table 7.6 (p. 420).

Attachments and Primary Actions of Teres Major

Muscle Proximal attachment(s) Distal attachment(s) Primary action(s)

Teres major

(TE-reez MAY-jer)

Inferior angle of scapula Medial lip of intertubercular

groove

Shoulder extension

Shoulder adduction

Shoulder horizontal abduction

Shoulder internal rotation

(Depression of humerus)

TABLE 7.2 Summary of Attachments and Primary Actions of the Muscles of the Shoulder Complex

Muscle Proximal attachment(s) Distal attachment(s) Primary action(s)

Scapular muscles

Trapezius

(trah-PEE-zee-us)

Base of skull

Ligament of neck

C7-T12 spinous processes

Outer third of clavicle

Upper acromion

Upper spine of scapula

Upper: Scapular elevation

Scapular upward rotation

Scapular adduction

Middle: Scapular adduction

Lower: Scapular depression

Scapular upward rotation

Scapular adduction

Levator scapulae

(le-VA-tor SKAP-u-le)

C1 to C4 or C5 transverse

processes (from spine to

superior border)

Medial border of scapulae Scapular elevation

Scapular downward rotation

Assists with scapular adduction

Rhomboids

(ROM-boidz)

C6 or C7 to T4 or T5

spinous processes

Medial border of scapula

from spine to inferior

angle

Scapular elevation

Scapular adduction

Scapular downward rotation

Serratus anterior

(ser-A-tus an-TEER-ee-or)

Lateral, outer aspect of

lower 8 to 9 ribs

Inferior angle and medial

border of scapula

Scapular abduction

Scapular upward rotation

Scapular depression (lower fibers)

Pectoralis minor

(pek-to-RA-lis MY-nor)

Outer surface of 2nd or

3rd to 5th ribs

Coracoid process of

scapulae

Scapular abduction

Scapular downward rotation

Scapular depression

(continued)

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