Dance Anatomy & Kinesiology

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TABLE 7.4 Scapular Movements and the Muscles That Can Produce Them

Scapular movement Primary and secondary muscles

Elevation Upper trapezius

Levator scapulae

Rhomboids

Depression Lower trapezius

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior (lower fibers)

Abduction (protraction) Serratus anterior

Pectoralis minor

Adduction (retraction) Trapezius

Rhomboids

Levator scapulae

Upward rotation Serratus anterior

Trapezius

Downward rotation Rhomboids

Pectoralis minor

Levator scapulae

TABLE 7.5 Shoulder Movements and the Muscles That Can Produce Them

Shoulder movement Primary muscles Secondary muscles

Flexion Anterior deltoid

Pectoralis major (clavicular)

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

Extension Pectoralis major (sternal)

Latissimus dorsi

Teres major

Posterior deltoid

Triceps brachii

Abduction Middle deltoid

Supraspinatus

Anterior deltoid (>15°)

Pectoralis major (clavicular, >90°)

Biceps brachii (when shoulder

externally rotated)

Adduction Pectoralis major (especially sternal

portion) with latissimus dorsi

Posterior deltoid

Anterior deltoid

Teres major

Coracobrachialis

Biceps brachii

Triceps brachii

External rotation Infraspinatus

Teres minor

Posterior deltoid

Coracobrachialis (from internal

rotation to neutral)

Internal rotation Subscapularis

Teres major

Anterior deltoid

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

Coracobrachialis (>90°)