523
Index
A
A band 38
abdominal–hamstring force couple 185,
186 f, 194
abdominal muscles
actions 92f
anterior view 92f
co-contraction and flat back position
194
co-contraction during back extensor
strengthening 132–133
contraction type 125f
external obliques 83
and fatigue posture 101
internal obliques 83–84
and lumbar hyperlordosis 95, 97f
neural inhibition with back injury 153
and pelvic stabilization 185
protection of spine 106–108
“pull up with your abs” 98
rectus abdominis 82
“six pack” appearance 82
as stabilizers 55, 471f
strength and endurance tests 121–122
transverse abdominis 84–85
abdominal strengthening
and back injury 152
and back rehabilitation 153
exercises 140–141
exercise technique 122f
sample progression 142
abdominal strengthening guidelines
adequate overload 124
contraction type 124
frequency vs. back extensor strengthen-
ing 133
kinesthetic awareness 127
limiting injury risk 127–129
neutral lumbar spine 127
pelvic tilt 123–124
range of motion 124
recovery 124–125
recruiting obliques and transverse
abdominis 122–123
spinal rotation 124
stabilization exercises 125–126
summary 128t
abduction 23t, 24
abductor digiti minimi brevis 322f
abductor hallucis 322f
acetabularfemoral joint. See hip
acetabulum 158f, 159
Achilles tendon
actions and attachments 313
and pointe work 339
tendinitis 363–364
acromioclavicular joint 376, 377f, 453
acromion process 374
actin 37
active insufficiency 57–58, 59f
of hip flexors and adductors during
front développés 201
of rectus femoris 264
and strengthening exercises 66
adduction 23t, 24
adductor brevis 172, 175, 176f, 177f
adductor hallucis 322f
adductor longus 60f, 468f
actions and attachments 172, 175
attachment to bone 176f, 177f
adductor magnus 60f, 61f, 468f, 469f
actions and attachments 172, 176
posterior view 177f
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 38
agonists (movers) 54
alignment
common problems 474–476t
of foot 324–331
of knee-foot 338–339
and movement analysis 472–473
of pelvis 164, 177
postural 93–95, 101
of spine 81, 113–115
amenorrhea 9, 104
anatomical axes 19
anatomical planes 18–19
anatomical position 17, 18t
anconeus 419–420
angular motion 44
ankle. See also pointe work
alignment 324–331, 475–476t
anterior view 319f
bony landmarks and bones 298–300
bursa 309
extrinsic muscles 309
joint capsule 303
joint structure 300–301
lateral view 321f
mechanics 329–331
muscle attachments and actions 318–
319
muscular analysis of movements 331–
333
orthopedic stress tests 305
plantar fascia 306
posterior view 320f
proprioception 353
range of motion tests 355
stability 304, 330–331
stretching 353–354
ankle injuries
Achilles tendinitis 363–364
impingement syndromes 368–369
sprain 360–362
tendinitis 362–364
ankle movements 300–301, 302fNote: Page numbers followed by an italicized f or t refer to the figure or table on that page, respectively.
dorsiflexion 23t
plantar flexion 23t, 331–332
pronation 306
supination 306
ankle strengthening 350t, 351 t
beginning pointe work 341f
annular ligament 415
annulus fibrosus 74, 75
antagonist 54–55
anterior 17, 18t
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) 240f,
241, 243f
injuries 286–288
and landing softly 497
stress test 242
anterior crural muscles 310–312
anterior deltoid 60f
anterior inferior iliac spine 158f
anterior intercondylar areas 238
anterior longitudinal ligament 75
anterior pelvic tilt 177–178
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) 158f,
159, 177, 178
anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)
303–304, 360f
anteroposterior axis 21, 25f
aponeurosis 41
apophyseal joints 75
appendicular skeleton 9–10
appositional growth 5
arabesque 161, 209, 210f, 211f, 264
arches of foot 298, 304, 307, 324–326
arm muscles. See elbow muscles
articular capsule 13
articular cartilage 4, 13, 161, 256
articular disc 14
articulation 11
ASIS 158f, 159, 177, 178
assistant mover(s) 54
atlantoaxial joint 77
atlanto-occipital joint 45, 77
atlas 76
axes, anatomical 19, 21t, 22, 28
axial skeleton 9–10
B
back extensions 208–211
back extensor strengthening
and abdominal co-contraction 132–133
and back injury 152
enhancing effectiveness 130–132
and hyperlordosis 129
McKenzie extension exercises 152
strength test 131
back injury
and abdominal exercises 127–129
and back extensor strength 129–130
disc herniation 151–152