524 Indexback injury (continued)
facet syndrome 151
incidence in dancers 147
lumbosacral sprain/strain 149
rehabilitation 152–154
and Scheuermann’s disease 154
sciatica 151
spondylolisthesis 149–150
ball-and-socket joints 15, 16–17t, 28
Bartelink, D. 107
biarticulate muscle 57
biaxial joints 16–17t, 28
biceps brachii 416–417, 468f
anterior view 393f
customary action of muscle 43
location 60f
biceps femoris 61f, 168, 174, 177f, 251f,
469 f
binucleate cells 34
blood 2, 4
body orientation terminology 15–19
bone density 6, 7
bone marrow 4
bones 2
development and growth 5–9
electrical stimulation and osteoblasts
367
as levers 45
structure 4–5
types and functions 3–4
Wolff’s law 6
bony markings 10, 11t
brachialis 60f, 468f
brachioradialis 418
breathing 77, 84–85, 122–123
bunions 329
bursa 14
C
calcaneocuboid joint 301t, 304–305
calcaneofibular ligament 304
calcaneus 299, 299f
calcium 2, 6, 7, 8t, 38, 39, 104
cancellous bone 4
capitulum 412
cardiac muscle 34, 35t
cardinal planes 18, 19f
carpals 9, 424
carpal tunnel syndrome 459–460
carpometacarpal joint 426
cartilage 2, 4, 5. See also fibrocartilage
cartilaginous joints 11, 12t, 13
caudal 18t
“C” curve 104
in abdominal exercises 120, 123
centered movement 113
center of gravity (CG) 15
center of mass 15, 19, 53
cervical region
rotation 76f
strain 153–154
cervical vertebrae 72
in abdominal exercises 120
during adulthood 73f
atlantoaxial joint 77
atlanto-occipital joint 77
atlas 77
at birth 73f
curvature 81
facet joints 76f
intervertebral disc size 75
lordosis 103
movements 79
circumduction 23t, 24, 25
clavicles 9, 374–375, 393f
closed kinematic chain movements 29–30
examples 31
and knee strengthening 279–280
and lever action of skeletal system 45
of pelvis 181–182
close-packed joint position 29
coccyx 72, 73f, 158f
co-contraction 55
of abdominals during flat back position
194
Lombard’s paradox 58, 59f
and spinal alignment 115
collagen 2, 14
collar bones 9
collateral ligaments
of ankle 303
as extracapsular ligament 14
of knee 240, 243f
compact bone 4
compartment syndromes 365–366
compressive forces
and ankle/foot injuries 359
on hip 194
and patellofemoral pain syndrome 189
compressive strength of bone 2
concentric contraction 51
and torque 50t
condyles 11t, 238, 239f, 255f
condyloid joints 15, 16–17t
biaxial classification 28
congruency 29
connective tissue
in bursa 14
in fibrous joints 11
functions 2
in ligaments 14
mesenchyme 5
and muscle attachment to bone 41
continuous movements 466
contractility 34
contraction. See muscle contraction
coracobrachialis 389, 393f, 417
coracohumeral ligaments 379
coracoid process 375
core stability 112–113, 125–126
coronal plane 18
coronoid process 412
costotransverse joint 77
costovertebral joint 77
coupling 81
coxa valga/vara 179–180
cranial 18t
cranial bones 9
craniovertebral joints 76–77
crest 11t
cross-bridges 38, 51
cruciate ligaments. See anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL); posterior cruci-
ate ligament
crural muscles
anterior 310–312
lateral 316–318
posterior 312–314
posteromedial 314–316
cubital angle 413
cubitus valgus/varus 413
cuboid bone 298
cuneiforms 298, 299f
curl-upisometric 134t
muscles activated 108
with rotation 140t
strength and endurance tests 121–122
curvature of spine 81
cervical lordosis 103
flat back 103–104
and ideal postural alignment 94f
and iliopsoas 85–86
kyphosis 98–100
lumbar, and abdominal exercises 127
lumbar lordosis 95–98
lumbar while standing and sitting 115f
scoliosis 104–106
D
deep 18
deep outward rotators 169–170, 191
and front développé 204
line of pull and action 177f
strengthening exercises 219–220
stretches 227t, 228 t
and turnout 196, 198
during a wall plié 199
dégagé
and body orientation 21
and hip adductors 170
as open kinematic chain movement 30
“use the floor” 315
degrees of freedom 28
in hip joint 161, 164
and kinematic chains 30
deltoid ligament (ankle) 303
deltoid muscle 61f, 388–389, 468f, 469f
anterior view 393f
posterior view 394f
deltoid tuberosity 375
demi-plié
movement analysis 64t
and muscle contraction type 65f
and stretch-shortening cycle 54
demi-pointe 336–337
dens 77
développé
and deep outward rotators 204
and hamstring stretches 283
and muscle contraction type 53
diagonal planes 22
diaphysis 4, 5
diastasis recti 82
directional terminology 17, 18t
disc injury 128, 152, 153
discrete movements 466
distal 18t
distensibility of muscle 36
dorsal 17f, 18, 18t
dorsal interossei 322f
dorsiflexion 23t, 27
and ankle stability 330–331
muscular analysis 332
normal range of motion 353t
range of motion and pronation 354
strengthening exercises 345t, 346 t, 352
dynamic muscle contraction 51
E
eccentric contraction 51–52
during abdominal exercises 124
and back extensor strengthening 132
and torque 50t
effort (E) 45, 46
elastic components of muscle 36