Index 525and stretch-shortening cycle 54
elbow
alignment 413
bony landmarks 413f
carrying angle 413–414
hyperextension 414–415
joint structure 412–413
lateral epicondylitis 459
movements 412–413, 414f
elbow muscles
anconeus 419–420
attachments and actions 420–421
biceps brachii 416–417
brachialis 417
brachioradialis 418
pronator teres 418
supinator 419
triceps brachii 418–419
elbow strengthening 436t, 441–444t
electromyography 62, 64
and movement analysis 488
of second-position plié 273
of spinal rotation 112
ellipsoid joints 15
endochondral ossification 5, 6f
endomysium 41
endosteum 5
epicondyle 11t
of knee 238
epimysium 41
epiphyseal plate 5, 13
epiphyseal ring 74
epiphyses 4
epithelial tissue 2
erector spinae 61f, 86–87, 91t, 93 f, 469f
and lateral flexion 111
and lumbar hyperlordosis 95
and spinal extension 110
strengthening exercises 132
eversion
description 302
muscular analysis 333
and pointe work 337
strengthening exercises 348t, 350 t, 352
extensibility of muscle 36
extension 17, 23, 23t
extensor digitorum longus 60f, 311, 321f,
468 f
stretching exercises 358t
extensor hallucis longus 311, 321f
external oblique muscles 60f, 83, 90t, 92 f,
468 f
external rotation 23t, 25 f
extracapsular ligaments 14
extracellular matrix 2, 13
extrinsic muscles 309, 332t
F
facet 11t
facet joints 75, 76
facet syndrome 151
during hyperextension 115
and lumbar hyperlordosis 95
facial bones 9
false ribs 77
fascicles 41
fast-twitch fibers 39
fatigue
and lumbar hyperlordosis 95
and muscle fiber type 39
fatigue posture 95, 100–103, 102f, 140
fat pads 14
female athlete triad 7
femoral anteversion 180–181
femoral groove 238
femoral retroversion 181
femur 9
angle of inclination 178–179
anteversion 180–181
bony landmarks 159, 160f, 238
and coxa vara 179
external rotation during turnout 20
pelvic-femoral rhythm 184–185
retroversion 181
stress fractures 230
fibrocartilage 13, 14f, 74, 243
fibrocartilage disc 14
fibrous joints 11, 12t
fibula 9, 239f, 299f, 300
fingers 29
first-class lever 45
flat back 81, 103–104
and back extensor strength 140
and hip 194, 196
and iliopsoas 85–86
practicing with ball 195f
flat bones 3f, 4, 5
flexibility 3, 29
flexion 17, 22, 23t
flexor digitorum longus 315, 316f, 322f
and pointe work 337
flexor hallucis brevis 322f
flexor hallucis longus 315, 316f
and pointe work 337
stretching 359t
tendinitis 364
floating ribs 77
fondu developpé front (devant) 466
foot. See also pointe work
alignment 324–331, 338–339, 475–476t
anterior view 319f
arches 298, 304, 307, 324–325
bones 10
bony landmarks 298–300
bursa 309
dorsal aspect 17f
great toe stretches 355
heel pad 308
joints 301t
lateral view 321f
mechanics 329–331
muscle attachments and actions 318–
319
plantar aspect 17f
posterior view 320f
proprioception 353
rearfoot ligaments 303–304
sesamoid bones 308
stretching exercises 356–359t
structures 15f
types 329
weight distribution while standing 330
foot injuries/problems
bunions 329
claw toes 327–328
flexor hallucis longus tendinitis 364
hallux valgus 328–329
hammertoes 327–328
Morton’s neuroma 370
pes planus 325–326, 327
plantar fasciitis 362
prevention and rehabilitation 359–360
rearfoot valgus and varus 326–327
sesamoiditis 369–370stress fractures 366–368
foot movements 27, 302f
coupling with lower leg movement 336
dorsiflexion 23t
inversion 23t
knee influence on mechanics 340
plantar flexion 23t
pronation 306
range of motion tests 355
supination 306
foot muscles
extensor digitorum longus 311
extensor hallucis longus 311
flexor digitorum longus 315
flexor hallucis longus 315
intrinsic 309, 320–323
foot strengthening exercises 347t, 348 t,
349 t, 351 t, 352–353
beginning pointe work 341f
foramen 11t
force
and angle of muscle attachment 50
centrifugal on annulus fibrosus 74
compressive on hip 194
compressive on patellofemoral joint
260–261, 262f
and extensibility of muscle 37
on facet joints during spinal movement
76
and linear motion 44
on lumbosacral disc when leaning for-
ward 106
and mechanical advantage 47
and movement analysis 472
and muscle cross-sectional area 40
parallel component 51f
and patellar function 256
and rotation 44, 51f
on spine during partnering 118–119
and suction at hip joint 163
torque 45–46
force couples 56
force, shear. See shear force
force vectors 15
forearm. See radioulnar joint
forefoot 299f, 300
fossa 11t
fovea 161
frontal plane 18, 25f, 27
front développé 201f, 203
fulcrum 45
fusiform muscle 40
G
gastrocnemius 251f, 469f
action at knee 248
actions and attachments 312–313
location 61f
muscle fiber type 39, 40
during relevé 264
strengthening exercises 345t
stretching 356t
gemelli 169–170, 175, 177f
genu anterecurvatum 254
genu recurvatum 95, 253, 270
genu valgum 179, 250, 252
genu varum 180, 253, 271
gesture leg 2
glenohumeral joint 377f, 378–380. See also
shoulder complex muscles
glenoid cavity 375
glenoid fossa 375