Index 527interphalangeal joint
of foot 301t, 306
of hand 427
interspinales 88–89, 93f
interspinous ligaments 76
intertarsal joints 301t
intertransversales 88–89, 93f
intertransverse ligaments 76
intertrochanteric line 159
intervertebral discs 12t, 74
and abdominal exercises 128
as cartilaginous joint 13
force when forward leaning and lifting
106
herniation 151–152
and partnering 118
pressure on 115
repair 152
sagittal and transverse sections 74f
size and region in spine 75
intervertebral foramina 73
intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) 106, 113
intracapsular ligaments 14
intramembranous ossification 5
intrinsic muscles of foot 309, 320–323,
349 t, 353
inversion 23t
and ankle sprain 360
description 302
muscular analysis 332
and pointe work 337
strengthening exercises 346t, 347 t,
350 t, 352
involuntary muscle 34
irregular bone 3f, 4, 5, 159
irritability 34
ischial tuberosity 158f, 159
ischiofemoral ligament 161–162
ischium 3f, 9, 158, 158f
isometric contraction 52
of stabilizer muscles 55
and torque 50t
isotonic 51
J
joint capsule 13
joint cavity 13
joints
axes 28
classification 11–15
in movement analysis 467
movements in horizontal plane 26f
movement terminology 22–28
stability and mobility 29
jumper’s knee 291
jumping
and compressive forces on knee 261
grand jeté en avant 492–499
and plantar fasciitis 362
and plantar flexion strengthening 342–
343, 345t
and stretch-shortening cycle 54
K
kinematic chain 30
knee. See also patellofemoral joint
actions of two-joint muscles 264–265
alignment 250–254, 338–339, 475t
bony landmarks 238
bursae 243–244
compressive forces 261
extension 263–264
flexion 261–262
forcing turnout 268
functions 238
genu recurvatum 95
genu valgum 179
genu varum 180
during grand plié 265–268
during hinge movements 267
hyperextension 270, 272
influence on foot mechanics 340
joint capsule 239–240
joint structure 12t
“lift out of your knees” 266
ligaments 14, 239–241
locking mechanism 255–256, 257
Lombard’s paradox 265
mechanics 254–256
menisci 14f, 243
movements 239–244, 240f
movements and muscles 262t
Q angle 258, 260
range of motion 281t
rotation 264, 268
stretching 281–284
tibial torsion 254
and turnout 20
valgus stress 240, 269–270
varus stress 241
kneecap. See patella
knee injuries
anterior cruciate ligament 286–288
bursitis 243–244
extensor mechanism 289
jumper’s knee 291–292
medial collateral ligament 286
menisci 288–289
orthopedic stress tests 242
Osgood-Schlatter disease 292–293
patellofemoral pain syndrome 289–
291
plica inflammation 239
prevention 284–285
rehabilitation 293
stress tests 242
terrible triad 289
knee muscles
anterior view 251f
gastrocnemius 248
hamstrings 246–247
plantaris 248
popliteus 248
posterior view 251f
quadriceps femoris 244
summary of attachments and actions
249–250
knee strengthening
closed kinematic chain movements
279–280
exercises 275–279
kypholordosis 100
kyphosis 81, 98–100, 99f, 115
L
Laban terminology 478
labrum 14
laminae 72, 73f, 76
lateral 18t
lateral border of patella 238
lateral collateral ligament
of ankle 303–304
of knee 240–241, 240f
stress test 242lateral condyle of knee 238
lateral epicondyle 238
lateral flexion 23t, 79
muscles involved 110–111
muscle strengthening exercises 141
spinal alignment 116f
of spine 80f
spine range of motion 143t
stretches 147
lateral malleolus 298
lateral pelvic tilt 178
lateral tilt 483–485
Latin root of names 59
latissimus dorsi 61f, 469f
actions and attachments 390
strengthening exercises 436t
law of approximation 50, 467
law of valgus 259–260, 261f
left lateral flexion 23t, 26, 110–111
left rotation 23t, 26
leg. See lower extremity; lower leg
leg length difference 104
lesser trochanter 159
levator scapulae 61f, 382, 394f, 469f
lever arm 128–129, 161
levers 45, 46f, 47f
“lift from under the leg” 209
“lift out of your knees” 266
ligaments
sprain 29
in synovial joints 14
ligamentum flavum 76
ligamentum nuchae 76
linea alba 82, 92f
linear motion 44
line (bony marking) 11t
line of gravity 15, 93–95, 98
line of pull of muscle 43–44, 62
Lombard’s paradox 58, 59f, 265
long bones 3, 4
longissimus muscles 86t, 87, 91t, 93 f
longitudinal arch of foot 298
loose-packed joint position 29
lordosis. See also lumbar lordosis
cervical 81, 103
low back pain
and back extensor strength 129–130
mechanical 149
rehabilitation 152–154
lower extremity
and angle of femoral torsion 181f
bones 9
closed kinematic chain movements
31
movements 27
open kinematic chain movements 31
skeletal structure 9, 10f
lower leg
calf raises 342–343
compartments 307–308, 308f
compartment syndromes 365–366
coupling with foot movement 336
extensor hallucis longus 311
flexor digitorum longus 315
flexor hallucis longus 315
gastrocnemius 312–313
gastrocnemius stretches 356t
interosseus membrane 300
peroneus brevis 317–318
peroneus longus 317
peroneus tertius 312
plantar fascia 306