AdverbS
15.2都 dōu can occur before or after negation. The relative position of negation and 都 dōu reflects
a difference in meaning.The sequence 都 dōu + negation conveys the meaning ‘all not.’
都 dōu before negation may indicate that the negated verb phrase is true for the entire subject.他们都没学中文。
他們都沒學中文。
Tāmen dōu méi xué Zhōngwén.
They have not all studied Chinese.
都 dōu before negation can also indicate that the negated verb is true for the entire object.
Often, when 都 dōu refers to the object, the object is topicalized.猪肉，牛肉我都不吃。
豬肉，牛肉我都不吃。
Zhūròu, niúròu wǒ dōu bù chī.
Pork, beef, I don’t eat either.
都 dōu after negation indicates that negation is not true for the entire subject or that it is not
true for the entire object. The sequence negation + 都 dōu can often be translated into English
as ‘not all.’我们不都是中国人。她是美国人，他是英国人。只有我是中国人。
我們不都是中國人。她是美國人，他是英國人。只有我是中國人。
Wǒmen bù dōu shì Zhōngguó rén. Tā shì Měiguó rén, tā shì Yīngguó rén.
Zhǐ yǒu wǒ shì Zhōngguó rén.
We are not all Chinese. She is American, he is English. Only I am Chinese.
美国人不都有钱。有的有钱，有的没有钱。
美國人不都有錢。有的有錢，有的沒有錢。
Měiguó rén bù dōu yǒu qián. Yǒu de yǒu qián, yǒu de méi yǒu qián.
Not all Americans have money. Some have money, some don’t have money.15.2.3 还/還 hái ‘in addition, still, also, else’
还/還 hái marks the continuation of a situation or introduces additional actions performed by
the subject. It can never follow negation.他们还在这儿。
他們還在這兒。
Tāmen hái zài zhèr.
They are still here.
你还学中文吗？
你還學中文嗎？
Nǐ hái xué Zhōngwén ma?
Are you still studying Chinese?我要买书，还要买纸。
我要買書，還要買紙。
Wǒ yào mǎi shū, hái yào mǎi zhǐ.
I want to buy books. (I) also want to buy paper.
你还要买什么？
你還要買甚麼？
Nǐ hái yào mǎi shénme?
What else do you want to buy?