Index
prepositions and prepositional phrases 4.3, 14,
Glossary of Grammatical Terms
prepositions in formal speech and writing 14.2.8
prepositions that function as verbs Glossary of
Grammatical Terms, 14.3
present situations and present time 34
greetings that refer to present activity 24.1.4
ne 呢 and ongoing actions in present time 17.2,
34.3
negation in present time situations 34.6
time expressions that indicate present time 34.1
zài 在 and 正在 zhèngzài and ongoing actions
in present time 17.2, 34.2
zhe 着/著 and ongoing duration in present
time 34.4
zhèngzài 正在 and 现在/現在 xiànzài
compared 34.2
present relevance 38.1.3
prices 8.5
professions used as titles and terms of address
22.3.2
progressive markers 在 zài and 正在 zhèngzài
17.2, 34.2
prohibitions 12.5, 50.2
pronouns 5.2
as noun modifiers 9.2.1.2
and noun phrase omission 9.5, 57.1.2.2
pronominalization in discourse (see noun phrase
omission)
proper nouns 5.3
qián 钱/錢 ‘money’ 8.5
qiántou 前头/前頭 (前面 qiánmiàn, 前边/前邊
qiánbiān) ‘in front of, before’ 47.1
qǐng 请/請 ‘please’
polite requests 54.2.2
polite invitations 62.1, 62.2
asking for forgiveness 63.1.4
qíngyuàn 情愿/情願 ‘would rather’ 27.3, 53.3
qù 去 ‘go to a location’ 48.1.2
quán 全 ‘all’ 46.1.3
quarter to (差 chà) and quarter past (过/過 guò)
the hour 49.1.3.3
què 却 contrast adverb 41.2.1
questions 28, and phrase order in questions 4.11
quite 相当/相當 xiāngdāng 10.3, 33.7, 60.1.1
radical 3.2.1
rán’ér 然而 ‘however, nevertheless’ 41.2.2
rang 让/讓 as the passive marker ‘by’ 14.2.7, 21.
‘let permit, allow’ 51.2.2
ránhòu 然后/然後 ‘afterward’ 25.11.3, 42.4
reduplication
in adverbial modifiers 31.3
and habitual action 35.2
reason and result 44
reflexive pronoun 自己 zìjǐ ‘self’ 5.2.1
refusals 62.1.2, 62.3, 63.1.2
regarding (some topic) 关于/關於 guānyú,
至于/至於 zhìyú, 对于/對於 duìyú
25.11.4, 57.1.1
regardless, no matter how 不论/不論 bùlùn
46.4.3
regrets 63.1
relative degree and intensifiers 10.3, 33.7
relatives (see kinship terms)
relative clause (see noun and noun phrase
modification)
relatively 比较/比較 bǐjiào 10.3, 33.7,
相当/相當 xiāngdāng 10.3, 33.7, 60.1.1
rènhé 任何 ‘any’ 27.3.2
rènshi 认识/認識 ‘know, recognize’ 54.1
repeatable events and the aspect suffix 过/過 guo
17.3, 37.6, 37.7
repeating the verb
in comparison structures 33.1.6, 33.3.5, 33.4.3
in frequency expressions 39.4.2
when expressing duration 39.1.2
requesting repetition or clarification 25.5
requests 62.2
making a request polite 54.2.2
requesting and giving advice and opinions
54.2.1
result or extent of a situation (extent modifier) 32.6
resultative verbs 18, 32, 46.4.3
resultative suffixes with special meanings or
properties 18.7, 32.5
rhetorical questions 28.4
right side 右边/右邊 yòubiān (右面 yòumiàn)
47.1
ritual refusal 62.1.2
rúguǒ 如果 ‘if’ 45.1same 一样/一樣 yīyàng, in structures indicating
similarity and difference 33.1, 33.2
satisfaction, expressions of 56.1, 60.1
saving face (strategies for) 留面子 liú miànzi
62.2.3
say again 再说/再說 zài shuō 25.5
semantic derivation characters 转注/轉注
zhuǎnzhù 3.3.6
semesters 学期/學期 xuéqī 49.2.5
sentence final particles 56.2
sentence final 了 le 38.1
and actions that continue to the present 34.7
and adjectival verbs 10.10
and change 38.1
and imminent action 38.1.5
and present relevance 38.1.3
and superlative degree 33.6