Public Speaking

Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

• ChaPter 1 Introduction to Public Speaking and Culture Preface xv


• ChaPter 2 Giving Your First Speech: Developing Confidence


• ChaPter 3 Ethics in a Diverse Society


• ChaPter 4 Effective Listening


• ChaPter 5 Selecting Your Topic and Purpose


• ChaPter 6 Audience Analysis


• ChaPter 7 Researching Your Speech in the Digital Age


• ChaPter 8 Choosing Supporting Materials


• ChaPter 9 Organizing Your Main Points


• ChaPter 10 Introductions and Conclusions


• ChaPter 11 Outlining Your Speech


• ChaPter 12 Choosing Effective Language


• ChaPter 13 Presentation Aids


• ChaPter 14 Delivering Your Speech


• ChaPter 15 Informative Speaking


• ChaPter 16 Foundations of Persuasion


• ChaPter 17 Persuasive Speaking


• ChaPter 18 Speaking on Special Occasions


• appendix a


• appendix B


• Glossary


• references


• index


• ChaPter Preface xv


• Culture Introduction to Public Speaking and


• Culture and Public Speaking


• Cultures DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Public Speaking in Ancient


• Culture Affects Public Speaking


• Cultures Provide Core Resources


• Cultures Provide Technological Aids


• Listening Cultures Provide Expectations about Speaking and


• Public Speaking Affects Culture


• Public Speaking Affects Individuals


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Vir Bonum, Dicendi Peritus


• Critical Thinking Skills


• Professional, Civic, and Personal Skills


• A Model of Communication


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Confidence Giving your First Speech: Developing


• Causes of Stress


• Develop Skills to Overcome Process Anxiety


• Create Your Speech: The Canon of Invention


• Arrangement Organize Your Ideas: The Canon of Disposition or


• Choose Suitable Language: The Canon of Style


• Memory and Delivery Learn and Present Your Speech: The Canons of


• BuIlD your SPeeCh: Your First Speech


• Anxiety Develop Strategies to Overcome Performance


• Strategies to Deal with Physiological Responses


• Affect PSA DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Gender and Culture


• Strategies to Deal with Psychological Anxiety


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• ethics in a Diverse Society


• Responses to Diversity


• Speaking Ethically


• ethICS In PraCtICe: NCA Credo for Ethical Communication


• Practice Democratic Principles


• Civility? DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Does Facebook Encourage


• Use Dialogical Principles


• Listening Ethically


• Academic Honesty


• Avoid Plagiarism


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Plagiarism and Culture


• Avoid Fabrication


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter viii CoNtENtS


• effective listening


• Listening Skills Are Valuable


• Barriers to Listening


• Linguistic Barriers


• Cultural Barriers


• Personal Barriers


• Strategies to Improve Listening


• Develop Advanced Skills


• Improve Your Comprehension


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Cultural Listening Styles


• Improve Your Critical Listening Skills


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Hecklers


• Practice Dialogical Listening


• Give Appropriate Nonverbal Feedback


• Give Verbal Feedback


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Saving Face


• Give Written Feedback


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Purpose Selecting your topic and


• Choose Your Topic


• Assess Your Audience’s Need to Know


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Are Any topics taboo?


• Consider Your Personal Interests


• Look for Topics from Other Courses


• topics DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Consider International and Cultural


• Investigate Current Events


• Narrow Your Topic


• Choose Your Purpose and Focus


• Identify Your General Purpose


• Identify Your Specific Purpose


• Write Your Central Idea


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• audience analysis


• Analyze Your Audience


• Consider Audience Motivations


• Analyze Audience Demographics


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Spinning and Pandering


• The Audience and the Topic


• Direct Methods


• Indirect Methods


• Assess the Situation


• Consider the Time


• Consider the Environment


• Consider Your Audience’s Perception of You


• Be Aware of Prior Credibility


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Credibility in other Cultures


• Demonstrate Credibility in Your Speech


• Take Terminal Credibility into Account


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Digital age researching your Speech in the


• Develop a Research Plan


• Locate the Data You Need


• Use Written Materials


• Presses DIverSIty In PraCtICe: International and Ethnic


• Take Advantage of Nonprint Sources


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Research in Kenya


• Think Critically about the Material CoNtENtS ix


• M = Message


• A = Author (or Source)


• P = Purpose


• Record Your Information


• Pen and Paper Notes


• Materials Download, Photocopy, or Print Out Your


• Use a Standard Format for Source Citation


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Choosing Supporting Materials


• Provide Facts


• Use Definitions


• Provide Vivid Descriptions


• Think Critically about Facts


• Use Statistics Carefully


• Provide a Count


• Think Critically about Statistics


• Use Visual Aids to Clarify Numerical Data


• Critically Analyze Numerical Data


• Use Examples


• Use Real Examples


• Topics Consider Hypothetical Examples for Sensitive


• Fabrication? ethICS In PraCtICe: Hypothetical Example or


• Examples Create Emotional Connections with Extended


• Combine Brief Examples


• Think Critically about Examples


• Quote Culturally Acceptable Authorities


• Quote Culturally Accepted Experts


• Quote Credible Peers or Laypeople


• Cultures^34 DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Proverbs in African


• Wisdom Quote Sayings, Proverbs, and Words of


• Think Critically about Quoting Authorities


• Find Compelling Comparisons


• Think Critically about Analogies


• Use Visual Evidence


• Think Critically about Visual Evidence


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• organizing your Main Points


• Organize Your Main Points


• Use a Limited Number of Points


• Consider Traditional Patterns


• Choose the Best Pattern


• Develop Your Main Points


• Make Points Distinct


• Make Points Parallel


• Support Points with Evidence


• Patterns DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Some African organizational


• Connect Your Ideas


• Signposts and Transitions


• Internal Previews and Internal Summaries


• Alternative Patterns


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Introductions and Conclusions


• Plan Your Introduction


• Gain Attention


• Introduction DIverSIty In PraCtICe: A Navajo (Diné) Speech


• Give Your Audience a Reason to Listen


• Establish Your Credibility x CoNtENtS


• Preview Your Ideas


• Conclude with Impact


• Signal the Ending


• Review Your Main Ideas


• Provide Psychological Closure


• End Memorably


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• outlining your Speech


• Creating a Content Outline


• Begin with a Heading


• Use Standard Formatting


• Creating Speaking Notes


• Speaking Notes


• Speaking Outlines


• Preferences DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Individual Cognitive


• How to Create an Alternative Pattern


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Choosing effective language


• Languages and Culture


• Words and Meaning


• Denotative Meanings


• Connotative Meanings


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Dialects


• Use Language Effectively


• Use an Oral Style


• Use Vivid Language


• Choose Powerful Language


• Use Language Ethically


• Choose Inclusive Terminology


• Present People and Groups Positively


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Ban Bossy?


• Language and Pluralistic Audiences


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Presentation aids


• Purposes for Presentation Aids


• Planning Your Presentation Aids


• Three-Dimensional Visuals


• Two-Dimensional Visuals


• Video and Audio Support


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Visual Aids and Culture


• Planning the Presentation Technology


• Presentation Software and Projectors


• Document Cameras and Overhead Projectors


• Chalkboards or Whiteboards


• Posters and Flip Charts


• Handouts


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Can a Visual Be Unethical?


• Apply Proven Design Principles


• Design Your Slides


• Choose a Readable Font


• Use Color for Emphasis


• Presentation Aids General Guidelines for Using


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Delivering your Speech


• Select the Appropriate Type of Delivery


• Manuscript Delivery CoNtENtS xi


• Memorized Delivery


• Impromptu Delivery


• Extemporaneous Delivery


• Maximize Your Personal Appearance


• Physical Appearance


• Clothing


• Accessories


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Managing Impressions


• Develop Effective Mannerisms


• Control Your Gestures


• Make Eye Contact


• Vary Your Vocal Behaviors


• Work on Clear Pronunciation


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Culture and Delivery


• Use Vocal Variation


• Pause for Effect


• Put It All Together


• Think Critically about Delivery


• Videotaping Your Speech


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Informative Speaking


• Knowledge Analyze Your Audience’s Current


• Presenting New Information


• Presenting Supplemental Information


• Presenting Review or Updated Information


• Countering Misinformation


• Information DIverSIty In PraCtICe: the Global Importance of


• Types of Informative Speeches


• Instructions Doing Demonstrations and Providing


• Giving Descriptions


• Presenting Reports


• ethICS In PraCtICe: the Right to Information


• Explaining Concepts


• Guidelines for Informative Speaking


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Foundations of Persuasion


• Develop Ethos or Speaker Credibility


• Exhibiting Good Character


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Developing Good Character


• Expressing Goodwill


• Demonstrating Good Sense


• Showing Dynamism


• Cultures DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Composure in other


• Include Pathos or Emotional Proofs


• Appealing to Positive Emotions


• Appealing to Negative Emotions


• Appealing to Needs


• Understanding Complex Motivations


• Testing Emotional Appeals


• ethICS In PraCtICe: Demagoguery


• Use Logos or Rational Proofs


• Reasoning by Analogy: Figurative and Literal


• Reasoning Inductively


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Reasoning and the Sexes


• Reasoning Deductively


• Reasoning Causally


• Recognizing Logical Fallacies


• Preferences DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Cultural Reasoning


• Rhetoric Incorporate Principles and Forms of Invitational


• Combining Three Principles


• Including Two Forms


• Summary xii CoNtENtS


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Persuasive Speaking


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: Persuasion in China


• Select Your Persuasive Topic


• Make a Claim


• Claims of Fact


• Claims of Value


• Claims of Policy


• Use Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning


• Assess Your Audience’s Attitude


• Choose a Specific Purpose


• Persuasive Goal: To Convince


• Persuasive Goal: To Actuate


• Summary


• Study and Review


• ChaPter


• Speaking on Special occasions


• Introductions


• Farewells


• Announcements


• DIverSIty In PraCtICe: organizational Culture


• Nominations


• Award Speeches


• Tributes


• Toasts


• Eulogies


• Commemorative Events


• Speech to Inspire


• Summary


• Study and Review


• Speaking in Small Groups aPPenDix a


• Sample Speeches aPPenDix B


• Glossary


• references


• Index