Public Speaking

Chapter

16

This ChapTer Will

help You

• Identify ways that
ethos, or speaker
credibility, functions
as an element of
reasoning

• Explain the role of
pathos, or emotional
proofs, in reasoning

• Identify ways that
reasoning strategies
vary across cultural
groups

• Explain four basic
types of logos, or
rational proofs, and
know how to test
each one

• Recognize several
kinds of fallacious
reasoning

• Identify elements of
invitational rhetoric

SCHOLARS HAVE STUDIED rhetoric—the art of persuasion—for centuries,

but during World War II, they began to focus more specifically on the conditions

and strategies that could give rise to a leader such as Hitler. Why could he

persuade so many otherwise ordinary people to do such horrible things? Why

would others resist and heroically rescue Nazi targets? One study of rescuers

found that, although they were similar in most ways to nonrescuers, they more

often grew up in homes where parents disciplined them through reasoning,

explanations, and advice.^1 In other words, their parents used persuasion, not

coercion, to help them make wise choices.

Review the

chapter

Learning

Objectives

and Start

with a quick

warm-up

activity.

Foundations of Persuasion

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