320 Index
oral culture, 4, 183
oral style, 152–153, 153f, 282
orator, 183
oratory, 216
organic pattern, 123–124, 123f
organizational charts, 168
organizational culture, 253
original documents, 89
Osborn, Michael, 156
Ouchi, W. B., 253
outline
alternative, 146, 147
alternation and indentation, 138–139
body and, 141–142
cognitive preferences regarding, 145–146
conclusion and, 142
content, 138–142
coordination and subordination, 139–140
“E-Waste,” 272–274
heading, 138
informative speaking examples, 140–142,
272–277
introduction and, 140–141
“Music-Thanatology,” 275–277
Nordstrom’s, 140–142
overview about, 137–138
speaking, 144–145, 144f
standard formatting, 138–140overhead projectors, 172–173
pandering, 70
panel discussion, 266
paralinguistics, 190
parallel case, 222
parallel points, 119–120
participatory questions, 127
passive audiences, 69
pathos, 215
defined, 218
demagoguery and, 221
emotional appeals testing, 220–221
motivations and, 220
needs and, 220
negative emotion and, 219
persuasion and, 215, 218–221positive emotion and, 218–219
patterns. See specific pattern
Paul, St., 256
pause, 193–194
peers, 87, 106
perceived behavioral control, 245
percentages, 100
performance anxiety, 15, 21f
strategies to overcome, 20–25
performances, 88
periodicals, 85
personal appearance, 186–187
personal experiences, 86–87
personal interests, 58–59
personification, 157
perspective taking, 161
persuasion, 62, 62t, 135
in China, 235
defined, 215
ethos and, 215–218
invitational rhetoric and, 228–230
logos and, 215, 221–228, 241
overview about, 214–215
pathos and, 215, 218–221
persuasive speaking
to actuate, 244–247
audience attitude and, 239–241, 240t
claim making, 236–238
“Come Watch Lacrosse,” 278
to convince, 241–244
“Needed: A Grief Support System on
Campus,” 278–280
overview, 234
sample speech, 278–280
topic selection, 235–236
Toulmin’s Model of Reasoning and,
238–239, 239f
photographs, 169
physical appearance, 186
physical factors, 44–45
physiological anxiety, 20–22, 21f
picture graphs or pictographs, 169, 170f
pie graphs, 169, 170f
plagiarism, 36–38
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