18 CHAPTER^2 Giving Your First Speech: Developing Confidence
Link your ideas to one another so that your speech flows smoothly from point to
point, using connectives such as first, next, and finally. More complex transition state-
ments, such as “After I left my job as a barista, I had more time to devote to my acting,”
summarize where your speech has been and where it is going. Connectives help your
listeners keep their place in the speech.
After you have gathered materials and selected an organizational pattern, you can
then choose precise wording and learn your speech well enough to present it. The skills
for these tasks are found in the final three canons of rhetoric: style, memory, and delivery.
(See Figure 2.1.)Choose Suitable Language: The Canon of Style
Style can mean your individuality as expressed in your actions and tastes, your person-
ality, and the way you dress and present yourself.^13 However, in rhetoric, style refers
to language; consequently, the canon of style contains principles for using language
effectively in both speaking and writing. (You probably consult a style manual for your
writing classes.)
Finish your speech by polishing your wording, always with an ear tuned to your
listeners. Here are a few general guidelines for effective use of language in public speaking:connectives words,
phrases, and sentences used
to lead from idea to idea and
tie the parts of the speech
together smoothly
style in rhetoric, style refers
to language
canon of style principles for
ChaPter 12 Choosing Effective Language
There are many ways to organize speeches, and Chapters 9 and 17 describe common
patterns in more detail. A speech outline typically looks like this:
A. First main point- Support
- Support
B. Second main point - Support
- Support
III. CONCLUSION Instead of ending abruptly, provide a sense of closure that ties your ideas
together and leaves the audience with a takeaway thought. Conclusions typically have these
elements:
A. A transition to the conclusion
B. A summary of the major ideas
C. A reference to the introduction
D. A final memorable statement
Figure 2.1
The Romans identified the
canons of rhetoric. Each
canon contains principles,
standards, norms, or
guidelines for one aspect of
speech-making.
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