Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2nd ed

540 Encyclopedia of the Solar System “Origin and Evolution of Planetary and Satellite Atmospheres” (S. K. Atreya, J. B. Pollack, ...

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542 Encyclopedia of the Solar System TABLE 1 Pluto’s Heliocentric Orbit Orbital Element Value Semimajor Axis,a 39.44 AU Orbital ...

Pluto 543 FIGURE 1 The Pluto system. This figure shows the orbits of Charon, Nix, and Hydra around Pluto as they appeared from E ...

544 Encyclopedia of the Solar System is called “orbital chaos” by modern dynamicists. This dis- covery of a formal kind of chaos ...

Pluto 545 TABLE 2 Charon’s Orbita Orbital Element Value Semimajor axis,a 19636 ±8km Orbital period,P 6.387223±0.00002 days Eccen ...

546 Encyclopedia of the Solar System density of 2.03±0.06 g cm−^3 , where the error bar is domi- nated by the uncertainty in the ...

Pluto 547 The first identification of a surface constituent on Pluto was the discovery by Dale Cruikshank, Carl Pilcher, and Dav ...

548 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 4.5 Surface Appearance and Markings Because Pluto is less than 0.1 arcsec across as seen fr ...

Pluto 549 as the southern cap. Later results, including some color in- formation, were subsequently obtained by Eliot Young and ...

550 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 5 Typical interior structural models for Pluto and Charon. Adapted from W. B. McKinn ...

Pluto 551 atmosphere. The best measurements of the occultation were obtained by Robert Millis and James Elliot, and their variou ...

552 Encyclopedia of the Solar System lightcurve was seen in both immersion and emersion. It has been suggested that the aerosols ...

Pluto 553 FIGURE 7 Pluto and Charon spectra. Top panel shows spectra of (a) Pluto+Charon made prior to eclipse; (b) Pluto-only a ...

554 Encyclopedia of the Solar System TABLE 3 Pluto and Charon Comparison Parameter Pluto Charon Rotation period 6.387223 days 6. ...

Pluto 555 bodies were together caught up in the outward tidal migra- tion of Charon following its formation closer in. 8.2 The O ...

556 Encyclopedia of the Solar System Since late 1992, however, our concept of the outer so- lar system has evolved considerably, ...

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558 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 1 Comet Hale–Bopp on 8 April 1997, showing the whitish dust tail and the blue plasma ...

Physics and Chemistry of Comets 559 (a) (b) (c) FIGURE 2 Images of comet nuclei. A. Comet Halley nucleus composite. (Courtesy of ...