Encyclopedia of the Solar System 2nd ed

820 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 11 Schematic illustration of the formation of a simple crater (Figs. 1 and 2). (a) O ...

Planetary Impacts 821 to the central area and that the transient cavity diameter was about 50–65% of the diameter of the final c ...

822 Encyclopedia of the Solar System 1 GPa (10 kb) and 1000◦C. During shock metamorphism, materials deform along their “Hugoniot ...

Planetary Impacts 823 Apart from shatter cones, all other diagnostic shock ef- fects are microscopic in character. The most obvi ...

824 Encyclopedia of the Solar System ago. The actual rate before∼4.0 Ga ago is imprecisely known, as there is the question of wh ...

Planetary Impacts 825 onto the surface, with an effective temperature of a few thousand degrees. It would take thousands of year ...

826 Encyclopedia of the Solar System but are not likely to have a serious affect upon the biosphere. The most fragile component ...

Planetary Impacts 827 TABLE 2 Impactor Types at Impact Craters Name Location Age (Ma) D (km) Impactor Type Evidence Henbury Aust ...

828 Encyclopedia of the Solar System (b) (a) FIGURE 14 Identification of impactor type. (a) Pt–Pd ratios and determination of im ...

100-C 25-C 50-C 75-C C+M 50-C+M C+Y 50-C+Y M+Y 50-M+Y 100-M 25-M 50-M 75-M 100-Y 25-Y 50-Y 75-Y 100-K 25-K 25-19-19 50-K50-40-40 ...

830 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 1 A Hawaiian-style lava fountain feeding a lava flow and building a cinder cone (Pu’ ...

Planetary Volcanism 831 FIGURE 2 The upper three layers of gray, dark, and bright material are air-fall pyroclastic deposits fro ...

832 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 3 Lava flows in southwest Mare Imbrium on the Moon. The source vents are off the ima ...

Planetary Volcanism 833 FIGURE 4 The Olympus Mons shield volcano on Mars with the Hawaiian Islands superimposed for scale. (NASA ...

834 Encyclopedia of the Solar System FIGURE 5 A variety of radar-bright lava flows radiate from the summit area down the flanks ...

Planetary Volcanism 835 FIGURE 7 The upper part of the figure shows the chain of calderas called Tvashtar Catena on Io, showing ...

836 Encyclopedia of the Solar System and cool, and eventually fall back to the surface, providing the materials to drive future ...

Planetary Volcanism 837 parent asteroids with as much certainty, but we know from their composition that the Aubrites and the Ur ...

838 Encyclopedia of the Solar System quickly establish a pattern in which lava moves downhill in a central channel between a pai ...

Planetary Volcanism 839 more exotic volcanic fluid (or some other process) must be assumed. There are numerous uncertainties in ...