946 Index
Galilean satellites (Cont.)
Jupiter, icy, 750–751
Laplace resonance, 433
mass wasting, 444
orbital configuration discovery,
Laplace, 420
ring structures, 817
solid surfaces, observations,
672–674
thermal emission, 703–704
ultraviolet geometric albedos, 672
Galilei, Galileo
discoveries
Io, 419
Jupiter’s satellites, 301, 449
Venus phases, 420
solar system studies, 56–57
Galileo Europa Mission (GEM), 423
Galileo Millennium Mission (GMM), 423
Galileospacecraft
dust detectors, 629
flybys
asteroids, 884
Jupiter, 451–452, 504, 884, 885
Venus, 139, 662
images
Europa, 432
Io, 420, 423, 427
Jupiter’s ring, 508
magnetometer experiment, 454, 455
planetary dust streams, Jupiter, 630
Galle, Johann, 4, 64
gallium detectors
GALLEX (Italy), 74
SAGE (Russia), 74
gamma ray spectrometer (GRS), 296,
765
onMars Odyssey, 782
gamma rays
detection, 771–775
scintillators, 774–775
semiconductor radiation detectors,
772–774
H and C., 765
Moon, leak, 771
origins, 766–771
production/transport, 767, 770–771
Gamov, George, 74
Ganymede satellite, Jupiter, 365, 369,
449–466, 455–456, 836
astronomical observations, 449–450
aurora images,HST, 671
dipole field, 455
discovery, 449
echoes detected, 736
formation/evolution, 455–456
Galileomagnetometer experiment,
454
global views, 450
impact craters
distribution, 461
structure, 459–461
infrared reflection spectra,
high-resolution, 450
interior structures, 452
internal oceans, 452–454
low-frequency emissions, 715
magnetic fields
induction fields/oceans, 455
intrinsic fields, 454–455
masses/densities, 450–451
mutual gravitational reactions,
835
Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer,
450
palimpsests of, 451
rotation rate, 452
spacecraft exploration, 451–452
spectral absorptions, 450
sulfur dioxide ices, 459
surface
and atmospheric interactions,
457–458
composition, 456–457
regolith, 458–459
tectonism/volcanism
bright terrain, 461–464
Callisto, 464
dark terrain, 464
grooved terrain, 463
telescopic spectra, 451
volcanic features, 836
water ice presence, 750–751
gas drag, 807–808
Gas Exchange (GEx) experiment, Mars,
859–860
Gauss, Karl, 60
Gemini South 8-m telescope, 724,
725
Geminid meteor shower, 289
Genesis exploration mission,
Sun/heliosphere, 875
geochemistry
interplanetary dust particles (IDPs),
33–34
Mars, landing sites, 338–340,
342–345
1620 Geographos asteroid, 747
geology
Mars, landing sites
craters, 341–342
eolian deposits, 341
outcrop, 340–341
rocks, 340
soils, 341
Mercury
history, 132–133
surface units, 123Triton, 490–494
bright polar terrains, 494
cantaloupe terrain, ridges, fissures,
493–494
undulating, high plains, 490–492
walled, terraced plains, 492
zoned maculae, smooth plains,
492–493
geomagnetic activity, magnetospheres,
533
geomagnetic storms, 99
coronal mass ejections, 213
forecasting methods,SOHO
spacecraft, 224
Hubble Space Telescope, 223
International Space Station, 223
geometric albedo, 372, 376
Jupiter, 665
Triton, 489
geophysics, Moon, 230–231
geospace role, Sun-Earth connection,
218–220
German Aerospace Center, 723
Germany, meteorite collections, 252
Giacobini-Zimmer comet, 630
Giacobini-Zinner comet, 525, 571, 630
Giant Magellan Telescope proposal,
727
giant planets
clouds, 388–394
condensate layers, 390
water/ammonia, 389
evolution, 416–417
heat generation, solar nebular
collapse, 385
historical studies
atmospheres, 20th century,
pre-space age, 68
internal structure, 20th century,
pre-space age, 67–68
ice, growth of, 47–49
magnetosphere, planetary dust, 630
physical properties, 384
radio spectra, 700
ring-moon systems, 506
type-II migration, 49
zonal (east-west) wind velocity, 395
giant planets, atmospheres
chemical composition, 384–388
ammonia, Jupiter/Saturn, 387
carbon, 386
helium, 385–386
hydrogen, 385
nitrogen, 386
observed species, 386
oxygen, 386
sulfur, 386
chromosphere materials, 391
clouds and aerosols, 388–394