Index 949
density, 835
exploration of, 420–423
Galilei’s discovery, 419
heat flow, 419, 427–428
HSTimage, 670
images,Galileospacecraft, 420, 423,
427
interior, 427–428
International Ultraviolet Explorer
mission, 422
ionosphere, 421
IRIS thermal emission detection,
421–422
Laplace resonance, 420
mutual gravitational reactions,
835
orbital properties, 420
physical properties, 420
“pizza moon” nickname, 421
surface, 423–426
color changes, 425–426
mountains, 423
pyroclastic materials, 423
volcanic structures, 423
torus, 428–429, 429, 532, 537, 669
Tvashtar Catena caldera, 835
volcanic eruptions, 426–427
intrapatera (Lokian), 427
superheating, 426, 428
volcanic features, 835–836
eruption clouds, 835
lava flows, 835
sulfur allotrope deposits, 424
volcanoes
Balder, 424
Emakong Patera, 424
Ra Patera, 424
Voyager 1mission, 422
ionopause, planetary plasma/solar wind
barrier, 523
ionosphere
Earth, 173, 214
Io, 421
Venus, 144–145
ionospheric plasma, 531
IRAS.See Infrared Astronomical
Satellite
iron content, Earth/Moon, 246–247
irons, meteorites, solar system origin,
36–38
Isee-3exploration mission,
Sun/heliosphere, 874
Isides basin, Mars, 815
isotopes
oxygen, 262–263
Mars meteorites, 863
planetary impactors
CR isotopes, 827
OS isotopes, 826–827
short-lived, 32, 38–41
chondrites, 39
solar system origins, 38–41
Itokawa asteroid, 296–297Japan
Hayabusaasteroid mission, 284
meteorites, 251
National Space Development Agency
(NASDA), 290
Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition
(JARE), 255–256
Jayaraman, Sumita, 687
Jeans, James, 467
Jeffreys, Harold, 67, 68, 201
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 421, 607
Jewitt, David, 590, 605
Johnson-Kron-Cousins photometric
system, 613
Jupiter
atmosphere, observations, 665–666
aurora, 20, 225, 667
clouds
condensate layers, 390
water/ammonia, 389
composition
ammonia, 387
helium, 665
hydrogen, 665
phosphine, 387
dipole tilt, 528
dust particles from, 630
ecliptic comets, 598–599
emissions
low frequency, 713–715
thermal, 700
energetic particle populations, 532
formation, 286
Galileospacecraft mission, 225,
504
Great Red Spot, 63, 393, 399
helium, primary component, 32, 47
historical studies
19th century, 63
20th century, pre-space age, 68
hydrogen, 32
Lyman-alpha emissions, 666
magnetic field magnitude, 401
magnetosphere, 225, 528, 536, 630,
647
orbit, 289
physical properties, 384
Pioneermissions, 421, 451
plasma torus, 531, 532
radiation
low-frequencies, 713–715
synchrotron, 711–713
ring system
Galileoimage, 507major components, 505
structure, 507, 508
satellites, 374–375
Cassini’s discovery, 365
Galileo’s discovery, 365, 449
Huygen’s discovery, 365
Titan’s discovery, 365
spectral geometric albedo, 665
stratosphere, hydrogen cyanide, 388
temperature, 384
ultraviolet wavelengths, 401
Voyagermissions, 451, 504
weather, 178
winds, zonal, 396
X-ray emissions, 637
auroral, 643, 647–648
nonauroral, 648
Jupiter-family comets, 289Kahoutek comet, 568
22 Kalliope asteroid, 358
Kamiokande/Super-Kamiokande-I pure
water experiments, 74
Kant, Immanuel, 31, 60
Karin family dust bands, 687
KBOs.SeeKuiper Belt objects
Keck telescope, 394, 725
alt-az mount, 724
KBO image, 720
Saturn ring image, 728
Kepler, Johannes
orbital mechanics, 889
planetary motion laws, 3–4
solar system studies, 56–57
KEPLER mission, Earth-like planets
(NASA), 901
Keplerian motion, 787–789
elliptical motion, 788
orbit in space, 788
orbital elements, 788
planetary motion laws, 788
planetary perturbations, 791
Keplerian orbits, 632
keV-MeV energies, of magnetospheres,
531
Kirkwood, Daniel, 61
Kirkwood Gap regions
Asteroid Belt, 353
meteorite ejection, 254
Kivelson, Margaret, 454
216 Kleopatra asteroid, 758
Koronis asteroid family, 686
KREEP, lunar highland crust
component, 244–246
Kuiper, Gerard, 68, 69, 70, 449–450,
467, 590
Kuiper Belt, 304
asteroids, 355
comet reservoir, 6