Classical Antiquity (London and Ithaca, NY, 1974).
On painting there is no adequate monograph in English; G.-Charles Picard's Roman Painting (London
and Greenwich, Conn., 1970) is superficial and, despite its title, does not deal exclusively with painting.
Better concise accounts of the Pompeian material can be found in the books cited in the Bibliography of
Chapter 30. W. Dorigo's Late Roman Painting (London and New York 1971) deals with the post-
Pompeian material and includes mosaic; although well illustrated, the discussion is verbose and, at
times, wayward. On mosaics, K. M. D. Dunbabin's Mosaics Of Roman North Africa (Oxford, 1978)
includes survey chapters on more general aspects of the medium and ranges outside Africa; while on the
Italian black-and-white school, there is now J. R. Clarke, Roman Black and White Figural Mosaics
(New York 1978).
On sculpture, D. E. Strong, Roman Imperial Sculpture (London, 1961), remains the best introduction; A.
W. Lawrence, Greek and Roman Sculpture (London and New York, 1972), is a fuller but more austere
account. Notable essays on specific works include J. M. C. Toynbee's study of the Ara Pacis in
Proceedings of the British Academy 39 (1953), 67-95, and her The Flavian Reliefs from the Palazzo
della Cancelleria in Rome (Oxford, 1957). Trajan's Column has received monograph treatment in
English from L. Rossi, Trajan's Column and the Dacian Wars (London and Ithaca, NY, 1971, with poor
photographs), while LA. Richmond's classic 1935 treatment is now available in his Trajan's Army on
Trajan's Column (London 1982). The reliefs on the Antonine column base are fully discussed by L.
Vogel, The Column of Antoninus Pius (Cambridge, Mass., 1973). The propaganda aspects in general of
Roman sculpture are now exhaustively studied in N. Hannestad, Roman Art and Imperial Policy
(Aarhus, 1986).
Envoi: On Taking Leave Of Antiquity (By Henry Chadwick)
The classic study of the 'end of the ancient world' remains Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire (1776-88, best read in J. B. Bury's edn., London 1909-14); it is good until the sixth
century, though Gibbon lacked a sense of history as process and had a complex personal attitude to sex
and to Christianity. (Richard Porson's judgement stands: 'Mr Gibbon's humanity never slumbers unless
when women are ravished or the Christians persecuted.') See also the early volumes of the Cambridge
Medieval History. On the fourth century: N. H. Baynes, Constantine the Great and the Christian Church
(2nd edn. London 1973); D. Bowder, The Age of Constantine and Julian (London, 1978); T. D. Barnes,
Constantine and Eusebius (Cambridge, Mass., 1981). On Julian: specialized studies by R. Browning:
The Emperor Julian (London, 1975); G. W. Bowersock, Julian the Apostate (London, 1978); and P.
Athanassiadi-Fowden, Julian and Hellenism (Oxford, 1981), which supplement the symposium edited
by A. Momigliano, The Conflict Between Paganism and Christianity in the Fourth Century (Oxford,
1963). On social and economic history, especially the bureaucracy, see A. H. M. Jones, The Later
Roman Empire (Oxford, 1964). On the barbarians, see J. B. Bury, The Invasion of Europe by the
Barbarians (London, 1928); J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Barbarian West (3rd edn. London, 1967); The
Frankish Church (Oxford, 1983); E. A. Thompson, The Visigoths in the Time of Ulfila (Oxford, 1966);