A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

72 Ch. 2 • The Renaissance Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (c. 1495-1498). “Julius Caeser Pont[ifex]. II,” a term that meant ...

The End of the Renaissance 73 The End of the Renaissance Late in the fifteenth century, the Italian city-states entered a period ...

74 Ch. 2 • The Renaissance • Foreign Invasion As long as the Italian peninsula remained free from the intervention of France and ...

The End of the Renaissance 75 France. The latter decided to press his dubious claim to the throne of Naples, encouraged by the S ...

76 Ch. 2 • The Renaissance Girolamo Savonarola being burned at the stake in Florence, sixteenth-century painting. predecessors w ...

The End of the Renaissance^77 The pensive Niccolo Machiavelli. capable of threatening social order. The devoted Florentine Nic­ ...

78 Ch. 2 • The Renaissance could only be reestablished through “good laws and institutions/’ but these, for Machiavelli, depende ...

The End of the Renaissance 79 an anxious inscription: “I Sandro painted this picture at the end of the year 1500 in the troubles ...

CHAPTER 3 THE TWO REFORMATIONS After paying a handsome sum to Pope Leo X in 1515, Albert of Hohenzollern received a papal dispen ...

The Two Reformations 81 (Left) The young Martin Luther by Lucas Cranach. (Right) The pope selling indulgences. nating in the Ger ...

82 Ch. 3 • The Two Reformations The Northern Renaissance Until the middle of the fifteenth century, the Renaissance had been lim ...

The Northern Renaissance 83 more than Italian Renaissance ideal­ ism in their portrayal of the human body. They broke away from ...

84 Ch. 3 • The Two Reformations In England at the end of the sixteenth century, Latin remained the lan­ guage of high culture. T ...

The Roots of the Reformation 85 Erasmus’s attacks on those who believed in the curing power of relics (remains of saints ven­ er ...

86 Ch. 3 • The Two Reformations Christendom and daunting problems of transportation and communication made it difficult for the ...

The Roots of the Reformation 87 pope’s denunciation of their wealth and privileges. Furthermore, they now viewed him as temperam ...

88 Ch. 3 • The Two Reformations importance of leading a good, simple life. The Great Schism may have increased the yearning for ...

The Roots of the Reformation 89 The Council of Constance first turned its attention to Jan Hus. Holding a safe-conduct pass give ...

90 Ch. 3 • The Two Reformations a corporation of cardinals that could override the pope. William of Occam had argued a century e ...

The Roots of the Reformation 91 Another clerical practice that was much criticized was that of the sale of Church offices, known ...