A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

ENLIGHTENED THOUGHT AND THE REPUBLIC OF LETTERS “What is the Enlightenment?” wrote the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. His res ...

Enlightened Ideas 313 influence of the Scientific Revolution; the second, the “high Enlighten­ ment,” begins with the publicatio ...

314 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic: Of Letters Intellectual Influences on Enlightened Thought Like all intellectua ...

Enlightened Ideas 315 inherited abilities and rejected the idea that humanity is stained by origi­ nal sin, a view held by the C ...

316 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters distinguished mankind from other animals. Many philosophes, reflecti ...

Enlightened Ideas^317 Voltaire presiding (with his arm raised) over a dinner gathering of philosophies, including Denis Diderot, ...

318 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters drawn from a more inexhaustible source, the vanity of his subjects. ...

Enlightened Ideas 319 Voltaire Brilliant, witty, and sarcastic, Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet, 1694-1778) was the most widely ...

320 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters occur? But Voltaire nonetheless believed that religion was beneficia ...

Enlightened Ideas^321 things, as Diderot put it, are equally subject to criticism. By elevating mankind to the cen­ ter of human ...

...

Enlightened Ideas 323 traveled beyond the country, its pattern of distribution in the 1770s and 1780s reflected the success of t ...

324 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Exiled by the Parlement of Paris because his writings offended monar ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 325 Although The Social Contract remained largely unknown until after the Frenc ...

326 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters intensity. The established churches still retained formidable author ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 327 sity of Oxford, the brooding Wesley began to believe that his mission was t ...

328 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic. Of Letters potential audience of the philosophes. By the end of the century, p ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 329 The library of the University of Leyden in the Netherlands, 1610. While som ...

330 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters believed that classical rules preserved from antiquity had to be fol ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 331 Although Greek mythology and religious themes remained popular, eighteenth- ...