A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

332 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic: Oi Letters kapellmeister (orchestra director) for the fabulously wealthy Ester ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 333 musician of an unpleasant archbishop. Mozart wrote church music and light m ...

334 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters An actor reading from a work of Voltaire at the salon of Madame Geof ...

The Diffusion and Expansion of the Enlightenment 335 philosophy for a more general audience. Thus the academies contributed to t ...

336 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Philosophic Thoughts as an attack on religion. In the face of a spat ...

Enlightened Absolutism 337 Beccaria opposed torture to extract confessions or render punishment. Barbarous punishment, instead o ...

338 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Chapter 11), and could not vote or be elected to the House of Common ...

Enlightened Absolutism 339 Jesuits being expelled from Spain, 1764. Portugal in 1759. Ten years later, Pombal ended the Inquisit ...

340 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Catholics—although they still could not hold public office. Nonethel ...

Enlightened Absolutism 341 Frederick the Great playing the flute at Sans Souci. claimed somewhat disingenuously that he was noth ...

342 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Prussian law reinforced the distinction between noble and commoner. ...

Currents of the Late Enlightenment 343 tary service. Peasants, though legally free, remained indebted to their lords. Thus, “enl ...

344 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Enlightened Thought and Economic Freedom The philosophes’ quest to d ...

Currents of the Late Enlightenment 345 flew in the face of contemporary economic thought, which held closely to regulated monopo ...

346 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic Of Letters Composers began to borrow from popular culture, especially from folk ...

Legacy of the Enlightenment 347 pieces slandering prominent people, including the royal family, and a few kept afloat by spying ...

348 Ch. 9 • Enlightened Thought And The Republic: Of Letters The philosophes’ belief in human dignity led them to oppose all for ...

CHAPTER 10 EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE I he great English landowners did as they pleased in the eigh­ teenth c ...

350 Ch. 10 • Eighteenth-Century Economic And Social Change Although in some ways society remained the same as in earlier centuri ...

The Social Order 351 centage in Russia, Spain, Poland, and Hungary, which together probably accounted for almost two-thirds of t ...