A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

viii Contents

Chapter 6 England and the Dutch Republic in the

Seventeenth Century 208

Conflicts in Stuart England 209 Conflicts between

James I and Parliament

Religious Divisions 211 Charles I and Parliament

Clash

The English Civil War 214 Moving toward Conflict

• Taking Sides • Oliver Cromwell and the New Model
  Army • Divisions within Parliament • Radicals •
  Parliament's Victory • The Puritan Republic and
  Restoration
  The Glorious Revolution 226 Stuart Religious
  Designs • The “Protestant Wind” • The Bill of Rights
  The Golden Age of the Dutch Republic 231 The
  Structure of the Dutch State • Expanding
  Economy • Tolerance and Prosperity • Seventeenth­
  Century Dutch Culture
  The Decline of the Dutch Republic 239
  Conclusion 241

Chapter 7 The Age of Absolutism, 1 650-1 720 242

Theories of Absolutism 243

Characterizing Absolute Rule 245 Monarchsand

Nobles • Expanding State Structures • Absolutism and

Warfare • Absolutism and Religion • Monumentalism

in Architecture and Art • Absolutism in France • The

Fronde: Taming i(Overmighty Subjects” • Mercantilism

under Louis XIV • The Absolute Louis XIV • Louis XIV

at Versailles • Louis XIV’s Persecution of Religious

Minorities • The Limits of French Absolutism

The Balance of Power 261 The Origins of

International Law

The Habsburg Monarchy 262

The Rise of Prussia 265

The Russian and Swedish Empires 268 The Expansion

of Muscovy • The Rival Swedish Empire • Peter the

Great Turns Westward • Louis XIVs Dynastic Wars

The Modern State 283