A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

Index

Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle), Congress of

(1818), 576

abandonment of babies, 61

Abdul-Hamid II, sultan of Ottoman Empire,

877

abortion, 1178

Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 1045

Absinthe, L' (Degas), 803, 804

absolutism, 242-83, 433

in Enlightenment, 336-43

religion and, 249—51

sources of, 243

state structures and, 247

theories of, 243-45

warfare and, 247-49

see also monarchies

abstract painting, 817

Abu Ghraib, 1237

Abyssinia (Ethiopia), 660, 830, 832,

1033-34, 1033, 1171

Academy of Dijon, 323

Academy of Painting and Sculpture (France),

331

Academy of Science, Royal (France), 304,

305, 305, 307, 315, 316, 334, 756

Acheson, Dean, 1123

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

(AIDS), 1233

Act in Restraint of Appeals (England; 1533),

113

Action Fran^aise, 740

Act of Corporation (England; 1661), 226

Act of Settlement (England; 1652), 222

Act of Succession (England; 1534), 113

Act of Succession (England; 1701), 390

Act of Supremacy (England; 1534), 113

Act of Supremacy (England; 1559), 184

Act of Uniformity (England; 1559), 184

Act of Uniformity (England; 1662), 226

Act of Union (Great Britain; 1707), 390

Adams, John, 415

Addis Ababa, Treaty of (1896), 830

Adenauer, Konrad, 1130—31

Adler, Victor, 888

Adoration of the Magi, The (Masaccio), 65,

65

Adowa, Battle of (1896), 660, 830

Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 591

Adventures of Joseph Andrews, The (Field­

ing), 382

Aeneid (Virgil), 58

Afghanistan, 589, 691, 713, 720, 857, 871,

873, 874

Soviet invasion of (1979), 1160, 1176,

1195, 1196

Africa:

colonies in, 388-89, 819-35, 844,

847-52, 855, 856, 856, 871

independence movements in, 1107, 1156,

1167, 1168-75

trade with, 42, 388-89

African Institution, 419

Against the Murdering, Thieving Hordes of

Peasants (Luther), 97

Agrarian Party (Czechoslovakia), 1016

Agreement of the People (England; 1647),221-22

agriculture:

biological exchange and, 40

collectivization of, 1036-38, 1133, 1134,

1135, 1152

Economic Community and, 1226

in eighteenth century, 360-63, 381

in European colonies, 846-47

festivals based on, 18

in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,

13-16, IS, 18, 174

grain trade and, 344

Great Depression and, 994-95

Green Revolution in, 1125

A-31