A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

Index A-79

parlements:

in eighteenth century, 346, 387, 419-23,

439-40

in French Revolution, 440-42

of Grenoble, 441

see also Fronde, The

Parliament, English, 28, 113, 163, 186, 192,

194, 209-10, 318, 319, 339-40, 382,

383, 390-92, 562

under Charles II, 226-27

eighteenth-century role of, 404-5, 407-10

in English Civil War, 208-9, 212-14, 225,

241,309, 433

in Glorious Revolution, 230-31, 241, 254

under James I, 209-10

in Puritan republic, 222-26

representation in, 412, 415, 607-9

see also specific legislation

Parliament, Irish, 390

Parliament Act (Great Britain; 1911), 703, 704

Parma, 575, 603, 650, 655, 656

Parnell, Charles Stewart, 700

Parr, Catherine, 114

party politics, British development of, 408-10

Pascal, Blaise, 303

Passchendaele, Battle of (1917), 918

Pasternak, Boris, 1136

Pasteur, Louis, 745-46, 746

Patent (Austria; 1851), 635, 678

Patriotic Youth (France), 1018

patriot party (France), 442, 449

Patriot Party (Netherlands), 424-25

Paul, tsar of Russia, 474

Paul II, pope, 91

Paul III, pope, 91, 115, 116

Paul IV, pope, 115

Paul VI, pope, 1141

Pax Britannia, 689

Pazzi conspiracy (1479), 55

Pearl Harbor attack (1941), 1065, 1070,

1071, 1072

Peary, Robert E., 825

Peasant Land Bank, 749

Peasant (Smallholders) Party (Hungary), 1132

peasants, 246-47, 632

absolutism and, 245

in armies, 33

in eighteenth century, 356-60, 381, 424,

425-27

Enlightenment reforms affecting, 342-43

in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, 5,

9-13, 14, 17, 33

French Revolution and, 446-47, 451, 455,

469

in Italian Renaissance, 49

Marx on, 714

nobles' rights over, 341-42, 343, 351,

357-58, 359, 362, 447, 511, 623,

630-31

rebellions of, 12, 88, 95, 97-98, 97, 243,

246, 251, 254, 270, 359, 428, 715,

722, 949

Reformation revolts of, 95, 97-98, 97

in textile manufacturing, 167

in Thirty Years’ War, 160

see also agriculture; serfdom; specific

countries

Peasants’ Wedding, The (Bruegel), 14

Peel, Robert, 535, 545, 612, 694

Peguy, Charles, 742

penance, sacrament of, 91, 108, 109

Peninsular War, 498, 500, 501

People’s Defense (Serbia), 879

People’s Will (Russia), 718, 795, 881

Pereire brothers, 727

perestroika, 1194

Permanent joint Council, 1218

Pershing, John, 919

Persia, 47, 426, 753, 806, 873-74, 972

Persian Letters (Montesquieu), 317, 318

Peru, 587, 806

conquest of, 37, 40

silver from, 174

Perugia, 50, 62, 74, 655

Petain, Philippe, 1063, 1081, 1089, 1117

in World War I, 906,917

Peter, king of Serbia, 875

Peter I (the Great), tsar of Russia, 271-77,

273, 275, 306, 307, 426, 592, 706, 708

Peter III, tsar of Russia, 399

Peterloo Massacre (1819), 606, 606

Peters, Karl, 829, 830

Petition of Right (England; 1628), 213

Petrarch (Francesco Petrarca), 56, 57, 61

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’

Deputies, 934, 935, 938

Phanariots, 425

Philhellenic movement, 590

Philip II, king of Spain, 111, 129, 131, 133,

135, 137, 165-66, 172, 173, 175-78,

177, 182, 183, 198, 204, 206, 243,

?49,263

Philip III, king of Spain, 143, 150

Philip IV, king of France, 86

Philip IV, king of Spain, 150, 157, 203, 205,

205, 210

Philip V, king of Spain (Philip of Anjou),

258, 279-80, 281,354

Philippines, 388, 587, 822, 841-42, 859,

919, 1070, 1071, 1100, 1234

trade with, 40

Philip the Fair, duke of Burgundy, 175