A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

A-96 Index

Tobruk, Battle of (1942), 108b

Togoland, 829, 904, 973

Toleration Act (Great Britain; 1689), 230, 390

Tolstoy, Leo, 706, 717

Tonkin, 839, 851

Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964), 1157

Tonnies, Friedrich, 805

Torch, Operation, 1089

Tories (Great Britain), 500

in eighteenth century, 404, 408-10

in nineteenth century, 581, 608-9, 611,

699

in Restoration, 227-28

A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

Tobruk, Battle of (1942), 108b

Togoland, 829, 904, 973

Toleration Act (Great Britain; 1689), 230, 390

Tolstoy, Leo, 706, 717

Tonkin, 839, 851

Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964), 1157

Tonnies, Friedrich, 805

Torch, Operation, 1089

Tories (Great Britain), 500

in eighteenth century, 404, 408-10

in nineteenth century, 581, 608-9, 611,

699

in Restoration, 227-28

see also Conservative Party

torture, 337, 591, 1114, 1224, 1237, 1239

Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri de, 765

Tour de France, 780

tourism, 755, 1143

Tours, Congress of (1920), 1018

loussaint L'Ouverture, Pierre Dominique,

452, 488

towns:

as centers of Reformation, 95-96

in eighteenth century, 375-78, 377

growth of, 5, 16, 23-25

liberties of, 25

municipal privileges of, 95—96

in Tudor England, 191-92

trade and commerce:

with Africa, 42, 388-89

with Asia, 24, 46-49, 73, 169-70, 235,

373, 374, 388, 389

department stores and, 743, 778-79

in eighteenth century, 373, 374, 387-90,

389, 404,419

entrepreneurial ideal in, 535, 542

European organizations and, 1133,

1226-28

exploration and, 35—36, 40, 42, 73

in fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries,

3-4, 5, 16, 35-36, 46-49, 48, 73,

174

imperialism and, 821-23, 829-30, 836,

838-39, 842, 846-47, 846, 849-50,

854-57

in late sixteenth and seventeenth cen­

turies, 166—71, 168

in medieval period, 18, 21-23, 24

in Napoleonic Wars, 498-500, 501-2

naval protection of, 404

with New World, 73, 169-70, 374, 389-90

in nineteenth century, 729

in Old Regime France, 142-43

after World War II, 1120-21, 1122, 1123

see also blockades, embargoes; economic

conditions; financial institutions,

merchant-bankers; Industrial Revolu­

tion; Industrial Revolution, Second;

specific countries

Trade Disputes Act (Great Britain; 1906), 703

Trade Disputes Act (Great Britain; 1927), 988

Trades Union Congress (1868), 701

Trade Union Act (Great Britain; 1875), 787

Trade Union Council (Great Britain), 987

trade unions, see labor unions

Trafalgar, Battle of (1805), 488, 489

Transcaucasia, 951

transhumance, 14

Trans-Jordan (Jordan), 974, 1164

transportation, 6, 274

automobiles, 753-54, 779, 855, 1121,

1122,1142

in nineteenth century, 519-23, 526, 531,

770

in post-World War II era, 1121, 1122,

1142, 1143

roads/highways and, 372

subways, 753

water, 169, 197, 372, 519, 523, 742, 845

in late sixteenth and seventeenth cen

merchant-bankers; Industrial Revolu

Treatise on Orders and Simple Dignities (Loy