A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

vi Contents

A Dynamic Culture 55 The Rediscovery of

Classical Learning • From Scholasticism to

Humanism • The Renaissance and Religion •

The Renaissance Man and Woman

Renaissance Art 62 Architecture • Patronage

and the Arts • Renaissance Artists • Painting and

Sculpture • High Renaissance Style

The End of the Renaissance 73 Economic

Decline • Foreign Invasion • Machiavelli • The

Decline of the City-States • Impulses Elsewhere

Chapter 3 The Two Reformations 80

The Northern Renaissance 82 Northern Art

and Humanism • Erasmus's Humanistic Critique

of the Church

The Roots of the Reformation 85 The Great

Schism (1378—1417) • Heretical and Spiritual

Movements • The Challenge of Conciliarism to Papal

Authority • Clerical Abuses and Indulgences •

Martin Luther

Social Background of the Reformation in the German

States 95 Urban Centers of Reform • The Process

of Reform • The Peasants' Revolt

The Spread of the Reformation 98 Divisions

within Christendom • Charles V and the

Protestants • The Peace of Augsburg

The Reformation in Switzerland and France 103

Zwingli and Reform • Radical Reformers • Jean Calvin

and Reform • Calvinist Conversions

The English Reformation 111 Henry VIII and the

Break with Rome • After the Break with Rome

The Catholic Reformation 114 Retreat to

Dogmatism • Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits • The

Council of Trent • Putting Its House in Order

Culture during the Two Reformations 118 Print

Culture • Lay Education and Reading • Popular

Rituals and Festivals • The Role of Women • The

Baroque Style

The Legacy of the Two Reformations 124