A Concise History of the Middle East

186 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM Other Middle Eastern nationalist movements were based even more firmly on religion and called o ...

Egyptian Nationalism • 187 with westernizing reform: those of the Egyptians, the Turks in the Ottoman Empire, and the Persians u ...

188 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM as his admirers claimed, or a spendthrift who would ultimately bring Egypt into British bondage ...

Egyptian Nationalism ••• 189 tian growers and the government. During this cotton boom, European in¬ vestment bankers offered Ism ...

190 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM who came to teach at al-Azhar. Afghani would pop up in almost every polit¬ ical movement that s ...

Egyptian Nationalism ••• 191 an enlarged army. The same demands were sought by the civilian nation¬ alists; they were also feare ...

192 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM Ahmad Urabi U rabi (1841-1911) was an Egyptian military officer and national hero. Born to a re ...

Egyptian Nationalism ••• 193 party had been divided among Egyptian officers resenting privileged Turks and Circassians in the ar ...

194 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM army. Although the British consul won the battles by bullying the ministers and asking his own ...

Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism ••• 195 policies. By 1914 the Nationalist leaders were in exile. Only after World War I would ...

196 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM on the throne a sultan who turned out to be crazy, and then replaced him with his brother, Abdu ...

Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism ••• 197 CUP's goals: that the empire must be militarily and morally strengthened, that all re ...

198 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM Turkish Nationalism Amid these crises, the CUP leaders became more and more Turkish in their po ...

Nationalism in Persia • 199 Mongol invasions. Persia was predominantly Muslim; but its uniqueness was ensured by its general adh ...

200 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM Well might they wonder how long it would take for Russia to occupy Persia. Persians knew about ...

Conclusion • 201 fluence in Persia. Britain was to have primary influence over the southeast, close to its Indian empire. Russia ...

202 • 12 THE RISE OF NATIONALISM only to youths who had lost their religion because of Western education. Even when they reached ...

THIRTEEN The Roots of Arab Bitterness Few topics in Middle East history have generated as much heat—and as little light—as Arab ...

204 • 13 THE ROOTS OF ARAB BITTERNESS leaders years ago: "Whoever lives in our country, speaks our language, is reared in our cu ...

Arab Nationalism • 205 lords were apt to be Turks, Circassians, or other non-Arabs. Since World War I, the Arab nationalists and ...