Chronology
570 Muhammad born; Ethiopians invade western Arabia603-628 War between Byzantine Empire and Sasanid Persia
610 First revelations of the Quran to Muhammad
619 Deaths of Khadija and Abu-Talib
622 Hijra of Muhammad and his associates from Mecca to Medina,
where first Muslim umma is formed
624 Muslims defeat pagan Meccans at Battle of Badr
625 Meccan revenge at Battle of Uhud
627 Muslims foil Meccan attack at the Battle of the Trench
628 Hudaybiya truce between Muhammad and Meccan pagans
630 Mecca's pagan leaders accept Islam630-632 Arab tribal delegations accept Muhammad as their leader
632 Muhammad dies; associates choose Abu-Bakr as first caliph;
rebellion (ridda) of the Arab tribes
633 Muslim armies crush ridda and finish conquering Arabian
Peninsula
634 Muslims defeat Byzantine army and start conquests outside
Arabia; Umar succeeds Abu-Bakr as caliph
636 Arab victory over Byzantines in Battle of the Yarmuk
637 Battle of Qadisiyah enables Arabs to take Ctesiphon and
western Persia from the Sasanids639-642 Arabs take Egypt from the Byzantine Empire
640 Arab garrison towns set up at Basra and Kufa
644 Umar murdered; shura elects Uthman as caliph