478 • GlossaryHermon (hair-MOAN): Mountain in southwestern Syria, partly occupied by
Israel since 1967; site of heavy righting in 1973
Herut (khay-ROOT): Israel's right-wing party, led by Begin up to 1983; now part
of the Likud coalition
Herzl, Theodor (HAIR-tsul, TAY-a-dor): Writer and founder of political Zionism
(d. 1904)
Hess, Moses: Early German socialist and advocate of a Jewish state (d. 1875)
Hijaz (he-JAZZ): Mountainous area of western Arabia
Hijra (HIJ-ra): Emigration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Med¬
ina in 622 (year 1 of the Muslim calendar)
Hisham (he-SHAM): Umayyad caliph (724-743)
Histadrut (hiss-tah-DROOT): Israel's major labor union, owner of many busi¬
ness enterprises, and manager of health insurance plan
Hizballah (hiz-BOL-lah): Lebanese Shi'i Islamist party having strong militia
Holy Sepulcher: Jesus' reputed burial place and a major church in Jerusalem
Hudaybiya (hoo-day-BEE-ya): Treaty made by Muhammad with the Meccans in
628, enabling Muslim emigrants to make the hajj
Hulegu (HEW-le-gew): Mongol ruler (d. 1265), Jenghiz Khan's grandson, who ex¬
tended Mongol conquest of Persia and Iraq and founded the Il-Khanid dynasty
Hunkar-Iskelesi (HOON-kyar-iss-KELL-e-see): An 1833 treaty that made the Ot¬
toman Empire virtually a Russian protectorate
Husayn (hoo-SAYN): Younger son of Ali and Fatima, killed in an anti-Umayyad
revolt at Karbala (680), hence a martyr for Shi'i Muslims, also spelled Hussein
Husayn: Amir and sharif of Mecca (1908-1924), king of the Hijaz (1916-1924),
and leader of the 1916-1918 Arab Revolt against the Ottomans
Husayn: Jordan's king (1952-1999)
Husayn, Saddam: See Saddam Husayn
Husayn Kamil: Egypt's sultan (1914-1917)
Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Letters exchanged by Amir Husayn and
Britain's high commissioner in Cairo (1915-1916), offering British aid for the
Arabs' independence in exchange for Arab support against the Ottoman Empire
al-Husayni, Hajj Amin (el-hoo-SAY-nee, HODGE ah-MEEN): Mufti of Jerusalem
and early Palestinian nationalist leader (d. 1974)
ibn: Son of, often used in Arabic names, a cognate of the Hebrew word ben and
pronounced bin in some dialects
Ibn Khaldun (ibn-khal-DOON): Noted historian and social thinker (d. 1406)
Ibn Rushd (ibn-ROOSHD): Muslim philosopher, known as Averroës in Latin
(d. 1198)
Ibn Sa'ud (ibn-sa-OOD): Arab leader who conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula
between 1902 and 1930 and ruler of Saudi Arabia (1932-1953), also called Abd
al-Aziz ibn Abd al-Rahman
Ibn Sina (ibn-SEE-na): Muslim philosopher, theologian, and scientist (d. 1037);
known as Avicenna in Latin