Glossary • 481jizya (JIZ-ya): Per capita tax paid by non-Muslim males living under Muslim rule
up to the nineteenth century
Jordan, Hashimite Kingdom of: State formed from the Emirate of Transjordan
and parts of Arab Palestine (commonly called the West Bank) annexed by Ab¬
dallah in 1948
Jordan River: River flowing through Syria, Jordan, and Israel
Judea: Mountainous area of eastern Palestine/Israel
Jumayyil, Amin (zhe-MYE-yel, ah-MEEN): President of Lebanon (1982-1988);
also spelled Gemayel
Jumayyil, Bashir (ba-SHEER): Prominent Phalangist leader, elected Lebanon's
president in 1982 but killed before he could take office
Jumblat, Kamal (zhum-BLOT, ke-MAL): Lebanese Druze leader (d. 1977)
Junayd, Shaykh (joo-NAYD): Turcoman Shi'i Sufi leader of the Safavids in Azer¬
baijan (d. 1460), grandfather of Shah Isma'il
Jundishapur (joon-dee-shah-POOR): Sasanid and Muslim center of learning
Justice Party: Turkey's conservative party (1961-1980)
Justice and Development Party: Turkey's moderate Islamist movement, in power
since 2002
Ka'ba (KAH-ba): Muslim shrine in Mecca housing the Black Stone, serving as the
focal point for the hajj, and setting the direction for Muslim worship
Kabul (KAW-bul): Capital of Afghanistan
Kalb (KELB): Southern Arab tribe important in early Islam
Kamil, Mustafa (KA-mel, moos-TAH-fa): Egyptian nationalist (d. 1908)
Kapu Kullar (KAH-puh kul-LAWR): Slaves of the Gate; sultan's officers or offi¬
cials, hence members of the Ottoman elite
Karama (ka-RAH-may): Jordanian village, site of 1968 Israeli attack against
which Palestinian fidaiyin claimed victory
Karbala (KAR-ba-la): Iraqi city, site of Husayn's uprising and martyrdom (680);
since then a Shi'i pilgrimage center
Karlowitz: 1699 treaty in which Ottomans ceded Hungary to Austria
Karzai, Hamid (kar-ZYE, HA-med): Afghan leader, elected president in 2004
al-Kawakibi, Abd al-Rahman (el-ka-WA-ke-bee, AB-dur-rah-MAN): Arab na¬
tionalist writer (d. 1902)
Kemal, Mustafa (Ataturk) (ke-MAWL, MOOS-ta-fa [a-ta-TEWRK]): Turkish
general, nationalist leader, and westernizing president (d. 1938)
Kemalism: Kemal's principles of Turkish nationalism and westernizing reform
Khadija (kha-DEE-ja): Muhammad's first wife (d. 619)
Khalid ibn al-Walid (KHA-lid ib-nel-wa-LEED): Arab general; conqueror of Ara¬
bia, Syria, Iraq, and Persia
Khamanei, Ayatollah Seyed Ali (kha-ma-NAY-ee): Khomeini's successor as Iran's
faqih
kharaj (kha-RODGE): Land tax paid by peasants on produce