A Concise History of the Middle East

510 • Bibliographic Essay

Princeton University Press, 1966). The book on Urabi mentioned in the chapter is
Alexander Schôlch, Egypt for the Egyptians! (London: Ithaca Press, 1981). A newer
analysis is Juan R. Cole's Colonialism and Revolution in the Middle East: Social
and Cultural Origins of Egypt's Urabi Movement (Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 1993). A Web site useful for Egypt is http://reference.allrefer.com/country-
guide-study/egypt/egypt37.html.
On nationalism in Turkey, see David Kushner, The Rise of Turkish Nationalism,
1876-1908 (London: Frank Cass, 1977); and the works already cited by Niyazi
Berkes, Bernard Lewis, and Stanford and Ezel Kural Shaw. A popular biography of
Abdulhamid is Joan Haslip's The Sultan (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston,
1958). M. Sukru Hanioglu, The Young Turks in Opposition (New York: Oxford Uni¬
versity Press, 1995) covers the CUP before it took power; for its later development,
see Feroz Ahmad, The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish
Politics, 1908-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969); Ahmet Kansu, The Revolution
of 1908 in Turkey (Leiden: Brill, 1997); and Erik Jan Zurcher, The Unionist Factor:
The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement,
1905-1926 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1984). On both Egypt and Turkey, see also the essays
edited by William Haddad and William Ochsenwald, Nationalism in a Non-
national State (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977; reprinted 1986). On
the Web, see http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/ayse.htm for a cogently ar¬
gued and documented article about Turkish nationalism.
On Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, see Nikki Keddie, Sayyid Jamal al-Din "al-Afghani"
(Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972). Keddie has writ¬
ten many articles on early Persian or Iranian nationalism, but see also the writings
of Algar and Cottam cited elsewhere. The Persian constitutionalist movement is
covered by Janet Afari, The Iranian Constitutional Revolution, 1906-1911 (New
York: Columbia University Press, 1996); Mangal Bayât, Iran s First Revolution:
Shi ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 (New York: Oxford Univer¬
sity Press, 1991); and Vanessa Martin, Islam and Modernism in the Iranian Revolu¬
tion of 1906 (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989; Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press,
1989). Persia's history during World War I has been largely neglected, but see Mo¬
hammad Gholi Majd's The Great Famine and Genocide in Persia, 1917-1919 (Lan-
ham, MD: University Press of America, 2003). The rise of the Gulf principalities is
treated in Frederick F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf: The Creation of Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, and Qatar (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), which refutes
Iraq's territorial claims on Kuwait.

CHAPTER 13

On the origins and rise of Arab nationalism, the classic account is George Anto-

nius's The Arab Awakening (Philadelphia and New York: J. P. Lippincott, 1939;