538 • IndexCommunism, 229, 241, 247,293, 306, 314,
318,320, 364,370, 397. See also
Marxism
Concubines, 82,159
Constantine, 17
Constantinople, 17,19,75,83,140,141,161
Constitution
of Egypt, 189,190,191,260
of Medina, 38
of Ottoman Empire, 195,196,197
Constitutional government, 194,234
Converts. See Islam
Copts, 19,25, 56, 84,203,256, 259,386,
410,417,430
Cotton, 5,118,173,188,189,254
Council of Europe, 234
Coup. See Military; Rebellion
Covenant of Umar, 76
Crete, 159,197
Crime, 263
Crimea, 158
Crimean War (1853-1856), 162,165,180
Croatia, 144,164
Cromer, Lord, 193,194,202,255
Crusader states, 99
Crusades, 88,98-101
Fourth, 140
Second, 100
Seventh, 130
Third, 101
Ctesiphon,21,57, 78
Culture
of Arabs, 24
Greek, 17
of Persia, 17
CUP. See Committee of Union and
Progress
Currency, 74, 144,179, 204,239, 307,
402,423
Curzon, Lord, 228
Cyprus, 59,165
basic statistics for, 530t
Cyrenaica, 60
Czargrad. See Constantinople
Czechoslovakia, 285,293
Israel and, 293Damad Ibrahim (vezierj, 159
Damascus, 5,62,63,64,68,71,82,100,103,104,137,212,214
Damascus Protocol, 214
Dams. See Aswan Dam
Danube River, 164
Dar al-Islam, 160
Darazi (shaykh), 93
Dardanelles, 142,161,165
Russian control of, 213
Dayan, Moshe, 295,325,333,341
Dayr Yasin massacre, 289,292,362
Declaration of Principles, 411,414.
See also Oslo I/II Accords
"Defense Planning Guidance"
(Wolfowitz), 433
Deities, of pre-Islamic Arabs, 26
Demirel, Suleyman, 235
Democracy, 69,197,207,229,297,308,
326,419,420,425,428,434
Demokrat Party, of Turkey, 234
Devshirme system, 147,148,152
Dhahran, 246, 247
Dinshaway incident, 194,255
Disraeli, Benjamin, 273
Divan, 147
Divorce, 37,38, 39,108,109,116,230,
253,417
Dome of the Rock, 74,99,283,299
al-Dowleh, Ayn, 200
Druze, 93,99,218, 302,357,392,425
Dual Financial Control, 189,192
Dufferin, Lord, 192
Dulles, John Foster, 305,306,313Eastern Question, 163
Eden, Anthony, 260,267,313
Edessa, 99,100
Edirne, 141
Education, 98,114,117,125,132,