Index • 543Kuwait invasion by, 400-404
mandate for, 219,220
military coup in (1953), 241
oil in, 201, 303
political differences in, 10
psychological complexes of, 398-399
Republican Guard of, 403
Shi'i and Sunni Muslims in, 302
Syria and, 340
UN oil for food deal, 432
United States occupation of, 420,437
weapons of mass destruction and, 420,
426,432,434,435
Iraq Petroleum Company, 245
Iraq War, 432-438
opposition to, 437
shock and awe campaign of, 437
Irgun Tzvei Le'umi, 286,289,292, 362
Irrigation, 8,20, 57, 77, 78, 84, 85, 91, 93,
94,171,173,193,303,417
Isfahan, 154
Ishmael, 23,26,48
Islam. See also Buyid dynasty; Fatimids;
Muhammad; Muslim(s); Pan-Islam;
Quran; Shi'ism; Sunnis
art of, 122-123
beliefs of, 43
Christianity and, 35
civilization of, 71,107-113
as community, 115
conversion to, 59. See also Mawali
divisions within, 126
dynasties of, 4
family life under, 116-117
five pillars of, 44,46-49
fundamentalist, 367, 374, 396, 397,416,
417,418
gender roles under, 116
intellectual life of, 72,119-120
Islamic government and, 57-59,63
Judaism and, 35
learned men of, 72
literature of, 121-122
meaning of, 33
mysticism in, 124-125
nationalism and, 185-186
navy of, 59
population of, 50
predecessors of, 5
reform in, 170
resurgence of, 367-370
society in, 114-127
theology of, 72,122-123
Isma'il (imam), 68, 89. See also Shi'ism
Ismail (khédive), 182,183,187-188
Isma'il (Safavid shah), 144,153
Ismailia, 187
Isma'ilis,89,91,93,103
Ismet, General, 228Isnads, 109,110, 111
Israel, 10, 212. See also Gaza Strip; Golan
Heights; Jews; West Bank
Arab blockage of, 324-325
basic statistics for, 530f
border raids on, 310, 311
creation from Palestine, 3, 289-290
Czechoslovakia and, 293
democracy in, 308
early years of, 306-311
economic problems of, 307-308
Egypt and, 292,295
foreign relations of, 310-311
Jewish immigration to, 306-307
Lebanon and, 295, 390-394
Likud Party in, 346, 347, 354, 362,394,
413,414,433
National Religious Party in, 310,311
occupied territories of, 333-334,
333map
Palestinians/PLO and, 297
Soviet Union and, 293
Syria and, 292
Transjordan and, 296-297
United States and, 293,329-330, 331
War for Independence of, 291-295
Israel Defense Force (IDF), 292,293,298,
310,329, 331, 337, 345,349, 350,
388,390,391,392,415,444
Israelites, 272
Istanbul, 143, 161