546 IndexLebanon (continued)
Amal in, 393,408
basic statistics for, 530f
Biqa Valley in, 389
Christians in, 10
civil war end in, 408-409
civil wars in, 10, 317-319, 359-361
France and, 300
geography of, 9
independence of, 207
Israel and, 295
Israeli invasion of, 390-394
Jordan and, 391
Lebanese National Movement
of, 360
nationalism in, 185
Palestinians/PLO and, 300
Shi'i terrorists of, 392
Syria and, 301, 360-361, 390
United States and, 390-392
Legal system. See also Shari'a
administration of, 112-113
caliphate and, 112
Shi'i, 111
sources of, 109-110
Sunni, 110-111
Leptis Magna, 18
Levantines, 182
Liberal Entente, 197
Liberty incident, 331-332
Libya, 18, 340
basic statistics for, 530f
Likud Party, 346, 347,354, 362, 394,413,
414,433
Literacy, 231, 262, 372,425
Literature. See also Poetry
Arabic, 121-122
Persian, 121-122
Turkish, 121-122
Lloyd George, David, 217
Loans, 188, 189, 200, 238, 245, 316, 385,
399,400
Louis IX (French king), 130
Louis XIV (French king), 163
Lovers of Zion, 274
Lydda, 294
Macedonia, 197
Madhabs, 111
Madrasas, 97,112,137,171,230,
372,427
Madrid Conference, 410,412
Mahdi (caliph), 78,193
al-Mahdi, 90
Mahmud,96,159
Mahmud I (sultan), 96,159
Mahmud II (sultan), 139,178,181,234
reforms of, 176-177
Majlis, 200, 201,236,237,241
in Iran, 377, 378,424
in Persia, 238
Maliki rite, 111
Malikshah, 97
Mamluks, 88,101,105,129,130,133map,
137,144,171-172
decline of, 134
resistance of, 103-104
ruling system of, 131-132
Mamun (caliph), 82, 85,93
al-Manat, 26, 33
Mandate system, 218,219map
Manichaeism, 21,59,81,95
Mansura, 130
al-Mansur, Abu Ja'far (caliph), 78, 80
Manzikert, 97
Mapai, 308
Marmara, Sea of, 8
Maronites, 56,165,166, 300
Marriages, 38, 50,116
Marwan, 68, 71
Marx, Karl, 273
Marxism, 368
Mathematics, 6,120-121
Mawali, 59, 75, 76
May Laws, 274
Mazdakism, 81
McMahon, Henry, 211
Mecca, 26,69, 80,100,131
Christians in, 30
Ethiopian invasion of, 29
mercantilism in, 30-31
opposition to Muhammad by, 33-34
shrines of, 34