A Concise History of the Middle East

Index 547

values in, 30
winning of, 40-41
Medes, 16
Media, 336, 361, 374, 377,397,
403,419
Medicine, 120
Medina, 24, 35, 37,61, 62,131. See also
Yathrib
Constitution of, 38
Muslim life in, 27
Mediterranean Sea, 8,26,91,157,161,
215,251,317
control of, 157
Mehmet (grand vizier), 159
MehmetAli, 166,170,230
military empire of, 174—175
reforms of, 173-174
Mehmet I (sultan), 143
Mehmet IV, 159
Meir, Golda, 341,344, 346,349,354
Mercantilism, in Mecca, 30-31
Merchants, 8,18, 30-32, 59, 74,96,115,
122,134, 149,151,154, 158,180,
199,236,372
Mersin, 212
Merv, 102
Mesopotamia, 5,20, 27
Messengers. See Prophets
Middle East, 1,447 map
in antiquity, 16
basic statistics for, 530f-53U
Britain and, 164-165
climate of, 7-8
cultural, religious diversity of, 1
farming in, 7-8
foods of, 5-6
geography of, 1,6-7
history of, 4
human diversity in, 9-10
location of, 8-9
before Muhammad, 15-27
natural resources of, 9
physical features (maps) of, 12,13
Western domination of, 4
Middle Eastern Mandates, 219map
Midhat, 196

Military

coup, 241,266, 301-302, 323-324

technology, 129,130,134,137-138

Millet system, 149,180,195

Milner, Lord, 257

Missionaries

American, 206,207,293

Catholic, 19

French, 166,206

Nestorian, 19

Mithraism, 17

Mizrachim, 10

Modernization, 170,189, 230, 232,242,

248, 249, 372,396. See also

Industrialization; Reforms;

Westernization

Mollah Nasroddin, 122

Mollahs, 236, 238,239,240, 375

Mongke Khan, 103

Mongols, 87,88, 90,92,94, 96,98,100,

101-105,112,130,136, 140,163.

See also Golden Horde; Il-Khanid

dynasty

atrocities of, 102

conquests of, 129

Monophysites, 19, 56,135,143,166

Monotheism, 27,44

Montenegro, 195

Montreux Convention, 229

Moral codes, 24,246. See also Muruwwa

Morea, 144

Morocco, 80,113,158, 204,330, 337,413

Mosaddiq, Mohammad, 241, 331, 371, 376

Moscow, 161,162,237,337, 339, 343, 351,

362,374,379,383,405

Moses, 34,46,274

Mosques, 48, 50, 78, 81, 84,102,112,118,

122,127,135,137,142,154,177,

187,234,371,438

Mosul, 5,94,99,176, 213, 218, 229

Mount Lebanon, 300

Mu'awiya (caliph), 59, 61, 62-64,67

successors to, 66

Mubarak, Husni, 387,399,401,416,417,

418,429,430

Mudros Armistice, 224