164 Notes to Pages 126–151
CHAPTER 8- R. H. Tawney, Land and Labor in China (1932; reprint, Boston: Beacon Press,
1966), 74. - Red Army Slogan, quoted in Stuart Schram, Mao Tse-tung (Harmondsworth,
England: Penguin Books, 1967), 159. - Zhang Xueliang threw himself on Chiang Kai-shek’s mercy at the conclusion of
this episode, and Chiang placed him under house arrest, where he remained (in
Taiwan after 1949) until 1991, when for the fi rst time he was allowed interviews
with the press. Even then he refused to criticize his commander, saying only that
they had differing views of the Japanese threat in 1936. - Mao Zedong, In Memory of Dr. Norman Bethune (December 21, 1939), in
Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, vol. 2 (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1967),
337–38. - Selections from Mao Zedong, Talks at the Yan’an Forum on Literature and Art,
May, 1942, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung, 3:82.
CHAPTER 9- Mao Zedong, “The Chinese People Have Stood Up!” Opening Address at the
First Plenary Session of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference,
September 21, 1949, in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (Peking: Foreign
Languages Press, 1977), 5:15, 17. - Mao never recognized his fi rst “wife” because she was chosen by his parents, and
his second wife was killed by Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist army in 1930. - Hand-written posters with large characters and sometimes with drawings
were pasted on walls and hung from wires as a common means of public
protests in China at least from late imperial times if not earlier. They became
a major means of communication and political infi ghting during the Cultural
Revolution. - The term “capitalist-roader” was used to castigate people Mao charged with
secretly wanting to restore capitalism in China. It came to be loosely applied in
the Cultural Revolution to anyone who believed in using economic incentives to
motivate people or anyone who was insuffi ciently worshipful toward Mao himself. - Jiang Qing eventually hanged herself in her prison cell in 1991.
- Mao himself behaved almost as a Chinese emperor, keeping a whole group of
young girls who attended to his needs and were also expected to go to bed with
him upon demand. Of course, the Chinese people knew nothing of this hypocrisy
of Mao; it became known only through a candid memoir by Mao’s personal
physician, Dr. Li Zhisui, The Private Life of Chairman Mao, trans. Tai Hung-chao
(New York: Random House, 1994). - Wei Jingsheng, “The Fifth Modernization,” trans. And quoted in Seeds of Fire:
Chinese Voices of Conscience, ed. Geremie Barmé and John Minford (New York:
Noonday Press, 1989), 277. - Fang Lizhi, Speech at Tongji University, November 18, 1986, quoted in Richard
Baum,Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping (Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994), 201. - In China, 1989 was also a highly symbolic year; it marked the fortieth anniversary
of the People’s Republic, the seventieth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement,
and the 200th anniversary of the French Revolution. - Citing unidentifi ed research by Gary Clyde Hufbauer, Ted Fishman argues that
the average American family saves at least $500 a year from the impact of China’s