11.1. Punctuation http://www.ck12.org
11.1 Punctuation
Lesson Objectives
- Use commas with coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, and introductory phrases.
- Use semicolons to connect independent clauses.
- Use colons to introduce lists.
- Use hyphens with modifiers.
- Indicate possession with singular and plural nouns using apostrophes.
- Emphasize with dashes and de-emphasize with parentheses.
Commas
Use commas withcoordinating conjunctionsthat join two independent clauses. There are seven coordinating
conjunctions:for, and, but, or, yet,andso. Using the acronym FANBOYS will help you remember them.
For a definition and examples of independent and dependent clauses, see Chapter 12, Lesson 1.
You should only connect two independent clauses per sentence. Long strings of independent clauses are usually
considered run-on sentences.
Example 1- Tell me what you eat,and I will tell you what you are.
The coordinating conjunction “and” is connecting two independent clauses. Notice that in the first clause, the
subject is a missing but implied “you.” We still consider clauses with an implied “you” (what we termimperative
statements) to be independent.
Example 2- I looked all over the house,but I couldn’t find my keys.
The coordinating conjunction “but” is connecting two independent clauses. Since the subject “I” is restated in the
second clause, we consider it a separate subject.
Example 3- Ms. Brenner went to the local police stationand disputed her speeding ticket with the officer at the
front desk.
Notice that the coordinating conjunction “and” is connecting two nouns (“went” and “disputed”) instead of two
independent clauses. Do not use commas when connecting two verbs, adjectives, or nouns unless you want to place
special emphasis on the second item.
Use the comma to separate three or more elements in a series. Although you are not absolutely required to place a
comma before the last item in a series, it seems to be a general academic convention to include. Whether you decide
to use it or not, make sure to keep it consistent throughout your writing.
Example 1- During her trip to Europe, Erica visited Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Holland.