2.57. References http://www.ck12.org
- Bain News Service, courtesy of the US Library of Congress. Portrait of Rutherford. Public Domain
- Christopher Auyeung. Rutherford’s experiment of shooting alpha particles at gold foil. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Christopher Auyeung. Rutherford’s planetary model. CC BY-NC 3.0
- AB Lagrelius Westphal. Portrait of Bohr. Public Domain
- Zachary Wilson. Bohr’s model of the atom. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Zachary Wilson. Energy levels in an atom. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Laura Guerin. Models of S and P orbitals. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Zachary Wilson. Fluorine and lithium atoms. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Zachary Wilson. Fluorine and lithium electron transfer reaction. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Zachary Wilson. Bohr’s model of the nitrogen atom. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Composite of images created by User:Dhatfield/Wikimedia Commons. Models of S, P, and D orbitals. Public
Domain - Christopher Auyeung. Schrodinger’s model of the atom. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Uploaded by User:Serge Lachinov/Ru.Wikipedia. Portrait of Mendeleev. Public Domain
- Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev’s first periodic table. Public Domain
- Christopher Auyeung. Periodic Table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- User:Ajhalls/Wikimedia Commons. Sodium reacting with water. Public Domain
- User:MdeVicente/Wikimedia Commons. Roll of aluminum foil. Public Domain
- CK 12 Foundation - Christopher Auyeung. Fluorine and neon have different numbers of valence electrons.
CC BY-NC 3.0 - User:Jurii/Wikimedia Commons. Piece of solid boron. CC-BY 3.0
- Silicon: User:Jurii/Wikimedia Common; Silicon chip: Via Gallery. Pure silicon and silicon computer chip.
Silicon: CC BY 3.0; Silicon chip: CC BY 2.0 - Christopher Auyeung. The periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Steven Lai. Number of electrons in the periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Karyn Christner (Flickr: TooFarNorth). Salt contains sodium and chloride ions. CC BY 2.0
- Steven Lai. Electron diagram of sodium chloride. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Baran Ivo. Plastic insulates copper wires. Public Domain
- Courtesy of the US Department of Energy. Sodium being cut with a knife. Public Domain
- Steven Lai. Molecule of hydrogen gas. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Christopher Auyeung. Potassium is included in fertilizer. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Steven Lai. Electron shell of francium. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Image copyright Robyn Mackenzie, 2014. Foods that are good sources of calcium. Used under license from
Shutterstock.com - Laura Guerin. Toothpaste that contains strontium chloride. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Christopher Auyeung. The periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Images by Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27). Colorful salts of transition metals. Public Domain
- Christopher Auyeung. The periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Christopher Auyeung and Laura Guerin. Boron is used in borax and boric acid. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Cable: Savannah River Site; Illustration: Christopher Auyeung. Germanium is used in fiber optic cables.
Cable: CC BY 2.0; Illustration: CC BY-NC 3.0 - Christopher Auyeung and Laura Guerin. Arsenic is used in rat poison. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Solar panel: User:ChristofferRiemer/Wikimedia Commons; Illustration: Christopher Auyeung. Tellurium is
used in solar panels. Solar panel: CC BY 3.0; Illustration: CC BY-NC 3.0 - Christopher Auyeung. The periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Chlorine: Ben Mills (Wikimedia: Benjah-bmm27); Bromine: User:Jurii/WIkimedia Commons; Iodine: User:Jurii/WIkimedia
Commons. Images of chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Chlorine: Public Domain; Bromine: CC BY 3.0; Iodine:
CC BY 3.0 - Christopher Auyeung. The periodic table. CC BY-NC 3.0
- Olga Reznik. Argon is used in incandescent lightbulbs. CC BY 2.0
- Chip Griffin. Neon sign. CC BY 2.0