Closed system
A system that can exchange energy but not matter with its surroundings.
Colligative properties
Those properties of solutions that depend only on the number of solute particles present but not on
the nature of those particles. See Boiling-point elevation; Freezing-point depression; Vapor-pressure
lowering.
Common ion effect
A shift in the equilibrium of a solution due to the addition of ions of a species already present in the
reaction mixture.
Compound
A pure substance that can be decomposed to produce elements, other compounds, or both.
Concentration
The amount of solute per unit of solvent (denoted by square brackets), or the relative amount of
one component in a mixture.
Conjugate acid-base pair
Brønsted-Lowry acid and base related by the transfer of a proton, e.g., H 2 CO 3 and HCO 3 –.
Coordination complex
A compound in which a central metal atom or ion is bonded by coordinate covalent bonds to other
atoms or groups.
Coordinate covalent bond