Formal charge
The conventional assignment of charges to individual atoms of a Lewis formula for a molecule,
used to keep track of valence electrons. Defined as the total number of valence electrons in the free
atom minus the total number of nonbonding electrons minus one-half the total number of bonding
electrons.
Freezing point
Freezing point
At a given pressure, the temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance coexist
in equilibrium.
Freezing-point depression
Freezing-point depression
Amount by which a given quantity of solute lowers the freezing point of a liquid. A colligative
property.
Galvanic cell
Galvanic cell
An electrochemical cell that uses a spontaneous redox reaction to do work, i.e., produce an
electrical current. Also called a Voltaic cell.
Gamma (γ) radiation
Gamma (γ) radiation
High-energy photons often emitted in radioactive decay.Gas
Gas
The physical state of matter possessing a high degree of disorder, in which molecules interact